Table 3.
Changes on dietary and immunological measurements after 6 months of zinc or/and selenium supplementation.
| G1 = Zinc supplemented group (n = 18) | G2 = Selenium supplemented group (n = 13) | G3 = Zinc + Selenium supplemented group (n = 13) | G4 = No supplemented control group (n = 16) | ANOVA | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Six-Months | p | Baseline | Six-Months | p | Baseline | Six-Months | p | Baseline | Six-Months | p | p | |
| A. Dietary measurements | |||||||||||||
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2,263 ± 686 | 1962 ± 353 | 0.10 | 2,517 ± 658 | 2050 ± 496 | 0.06 | 2,245 ± 468 | 2,213 ± 593 | 0.88 | 2,541 ± 575 | 2,410 ± 387 | 0.46 | 0.34 |
| Zinc intake (mg/day) | 8.9 (6.7–10.6) | 10.3 (7.8–11.3) | 0.44 | 12.2 (6.8–16) | 7.8 (5.7–9.1) | 0.26 | 8.6 (7.4–12.9) | 8.4 (6.5–11.3) | 0.70 | 10.6 (9.2–12.5) | 10.7 (7–12.5) | 0.44 | 0.06 |
| Selenium intake (μg/day) | 90.9 (62.3–119.3) |
97.6 (74.3–123.3) |
0.94 | 119 (89.6–133.1) |
103.4 (79.3–106.8) |
0.60 | 122 (64.4–152.2) |
106.8 (85.8–111.4) |
0.91 | 104.9 (87–146.2) |
114.8 (75.2–142.1) |
0.88 | 0.74 |
| Zinc intake + supplementation (mg/day) | 8.9 (6.7–10.6) |
40.3 (37.8–41.3) |
<0.001 | ND | ND | 8.6 (7.4–12.9) |
38.4 (36.5–41.3) |
<0.001 | 10.6 (9.2–12.5) |
10.7 (7–12.5) |
0.44 | <0.001 | |
| Selenium intake + supplementation (μg/day) | ND | ND | 119 (89.6–133.1) |
303.4 (279.3–306.8) |
<0.001 | 122 (64.4–152.2) |
306.8 (285.8–311.4) |
<0.001 | 104.9 (87–146.2) |
114.8 (75.2–142.1) |
0.88 | <0.001 | |
| Seric zinc (mg/dl) | 86.5 ± 14.2 | 94.7 ± 21.9 | 0.15 | ND | ND | 89.4 ± 13.4 | 93.7 ± 16.2 | 0.41 | 83.0 ± 12.1 | 83.9 ± 13.3 | 0.85 | 0.65 | |
| Seric Selenium (μg/dl) | ND | ND | 82.6 ± 10.6 | 91.1 ± 11.1 | 0.22 | 83.7 ± 9.9 | 88.7 ± 11.6 | 0.17 | 84 ± 12.8 | 85.4 ± 12.8 | 0.06 | 0.81 | |
| B. Immunological measurements | |||||||||||||
| CD4+ (cells/mm3) | 478 (360–713) |
545 (368–768) |
0.05 | 553 (358–627) |
469 (356–687) |
0.87 | 507 (404–680) |
475 (379–836) |
0.13 | 655 (478–832) |
713 (457–802) |
0.55 | 0.79 |
| CD4 (%) | 28.3 ± 7.6 | 28.2 ± 7.7 | 0.87 | 28.8 ± 11.7 | 31.1 ± 12.8 | 0.03 | 29.7 ± 9.3 | 28.7 ± 6.6 | 0.33 | 29.8 ± 8.3 | 31.2 ± 9.2 | 0.06 | 0.86 |
| CD4+ Tcells [CD38 + HLADR+ (%)] | 4.7 ± 1.6 | 4.7 ± 1.9 | 0.98 | 5.3 ± 2.5 | 5.0 ± 2.4 | 0.66 | 5.4 ± 2.5 | 4.7 ± 1.4 | 0.32 | 5.3 ± 2.7 | 4.2 ± 3.1 | 0.22 | 0.70 |
| CD8+ Tcells [CD38 + HLADR+ (%)] | 5.3 ± 3.9 | 5.8 ± 4.6 | 0.54 | 4.5 ± 4.7 | 3.8 ± 3.5 | 0.29 | 7.1 ± 5.3 | 6.2 ± 5.7 | 0.46 | 5.7 ± 4.3 | 4.8 ± 5.0 | 0.51 | 0.70 |
Kruskal-Wallis or student t test was performed for comparison between groups. BMI, body mass index; BMD, bone mineral density; ND, non determined; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein.