Figure 4.

DEK knockdown increases glycerophospholipids and FA while decreasing free glycerol. (A) Schematic representation of metabolic processes involved in the production of glycerol, glycerophospholipids, and fatty acids. Translation products from the KMplot.com-derived lipid metabolism gene signature have been added where appropriate, with an upward arrow indicating that upregulation of this gene is associated with worse patient outcomes and a downward arrow indicating that downregulation of this gene is associated with better patient outcomes. (B) Intracellular fold change of the protons located at positions C1 and C3 of the glycerol backbone (CH₂OR1–CHOR2–CH₂OR3) of the TAG. (C) The glyceryl C3H₂ group (CH₂OR1–CHOR2–CH₂-X) of glycerophospholipids. (D) The NMR peaks derived from free glycerol, both C1H₃ and C3H₃ and C2H₂ resonances. (E) Analysis of the bis-allylic (–CH₂) groups, which is specific for linoleic acid, the olefinic (–CH), and α-methylene fatty acid group of the acyl chain. (F) Chemical structure of a representative fatty acid. The blue dots represent the carbon position analyzed by ¹H-NMR. Bar plots indicate mean ± SEM. Replicates of each cell line are shown as individual dots (n = 7). Statistical significance was assessed using one-way ANOVA. *P ≤ 0.05; **P ≤ 0.01; ***P ≤ 0.001; ****P ≤ 0.0001. MGLL, monoglyceride lipase; DGAT2, diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2; GPAT2, 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 2; GPAT4, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 4; AGPAT3, 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 3; AGPAT5, 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 5; MBOAT1, membrane-bound O-acyltransferase domain containing 1.