Table 1.

Characteristics of studies on association between NAFLD and CVDs.

Authors	Region	Total cases	Diagnosed method		Outcomes	OR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)	RR
			NAFLD/MAFLD	CVDs
Agaç MT et al. [36]	USA	3976	CT	CT	CAC	1.37 (1.11–1.68)	-	-
Fudim M et al. [37]	USA	870,535	Database record	ICD-9/10	HF	-	1.23 (1.19–1.29)	1.30
Gummesson A et al. [38]	Sweden	1015	CT	Ultrasound	CAC	1.77 (1.07–2.94)	-	-
Guo Y et al. [39]	China	11,444	Multiple criteria	ICD-10	CVDs	-	1.37 (1.20–1.56)	2.04
Kang MK et al. [40]	Korea	772	Ultrasound	CT	CA	1.48 (1.05–2.08)	-	1.49
Lee H et al. [41]	Korea	8,962,813	FLI	ICD-10	CVDs	-	NAFLD: 1.09 (1.03–1.15)	2.29
							MAFLD: 1.43 (1.41–1.45)
Lee SB et al. [7]	Korea	5121	Ultrasound	CT	CA	1.18 (1.03–1.35)	-	1.32
Roh JH et al. [42]	Korea	308,578	FLI	ICD-10	HF	-	2.71 (2.380–3.085)	1.62
Simon TG et al. [43]	Sweden	56,939	Biopsy	ICD-10	MACEs	-	1.63 (1.56–1.70)	-
VanWagner LB et al. [44]	USA	2424	CT	CT	CAC	1.33 (1.001–1.82)	-	1.46
Wong VW et al. [45]	China	612	Ultrasound	CC	CAD	2.31 (1.46–3.64)	-	1.32
Yu MM et al. [46]	China	1683	CT	CT	MACEs	-	1.63 (1.28–2.06)	1.99
Chung GE et al. [47]	Korea	3300	Ultrasound	Echocardiography	LV diastolic dysfunction	1.29 (1.07–1.60)	-	-

NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; MAFLD, metabolic associated fatty liver disease; CVDs, cardiovascular diseases; HF, heart failure; MACEs, major adverse cardiovascular events; FLI, fatty liver index; CT, computed tomography; CA, coronary atherosclerotic; CAC, coronary artery calcium; CAD, coronary artery disease; ICD, the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems; CC, cardiac catheterization; LV, left ventricular; OR, odds ratio; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; RR, relative risk (RR was calculated by the extracted data from the research).