Table 2.
Characteristics of studies on the association between non-invasive serum biomarkers of NAFLD and CVDs.
| Authors | Region | Total cases | Non-invasive methods | Outcomes | OR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) |
| Chen Q et al. [49] | China | 3265 | NFS, FIB-4, APRI, GPR, Forns score | Cardiovascular mortality | - | NFS 3.02 (2.05–4.45) |
| FIB-4 3.34 (2.29–4.86) | ||||||
| APRI 1.99 (1.40–2.83) | ||||||
| GPR 1.80 (1.36–2.39) | ||||||
| Forns score 2.43 (1.28–4.61) | ||||||
| Lee SB et al. [7] | Korea | 5121 | NFS, FLI | Coronary atherosclerotic plaques | NFS 1.20 (1.08–1.42) | - |
| FLI 1.37 (1.14–1.65) | ||||||
| Niederseer D et al. [72] | Switzerland | 1956 | NFS | Framingham risk score | 1.30 (1.09–1.54) | - |
| Ishiba H et al. [73] | Japan | 366 | FIB-4 | CAC score | 3.34 (1.16–9.85) | - |
| Lee J et al. [48] | Korea | 1173 | FIB-4, NFS | CAC score | FIB-4 1.70 (1.12–2.58) | - |
| NFS 1.57 (1.02–2.44) | ||||||
| Song DS et al. [74] | Korea | 665 | FIB-4, NFS, APRI, Forns score | CAC score | FIB-4 2.573 (1.147–5.769) | - |
| NFS 3.91 (1.339–11.416) | ||||||
| APRI 2.151 (1.093–4.231) | ||||||
| Forns score 1.536 (0.698–3.383) | ||||||
| Kim D et al. [75] | USA | 11,154 | FIB-4, NFS, APRI | CVD | - | High APRI 2.53 (1.33–4.83) |
| High NFS 3.46 (1.91–6.25) | ||||||
| High FIB-4 2.68 (1.44–4.99) | ||||||
| Kim JH et al. [76] | Korea | 3,011,588 | Fatty liver index | MI | - | 2.16 (2.01–2.31) |
| Baratta F et al. [77] | Italy | 898 | NFS, FIB-4 | CVD | - | NFS 2.29 (1.17–4.47) |
| FIB-4 4.57 (1.61–12.98) | ||||||
| Lee CH et al. [78] | Korea | 3,003,068 | FLI | MI | - | 1 FLI points 1.21 (1.14,1.29) |
| 2 FLI points 1.26 (1.17,1.35) | ||||||
| 3 FLI points 1.22 (1.13,1.32) | ||||||
| 4 FLI points 1.30 (1.21,1.40) | ||||||
| Chung GE et al. [79] | Korea | 5,324,410 | FLI | MI | - | FLI 30–59 vs. FLI 30 1.28 (1.22–1.34) |
| FLI 60 vs. FLI 30 1.73 (1.63–1.84) | ||||||
| Park J et al. [8] | Korea | 786,184 | BARD score | HF | - | Incident HF 1.12 (1.04–1.20) |
| Hospitalized HF 1.20 (1.07–1.35) | ||||||
| Han B et al. [80] | Korea | 7,958,538 | FLI | HF | - | FLI 30–60 vs. FLI 30 1.12 (1.08–1.17) |
| FLI 60 vs. FLI 30 1.49 (1.41–1.58) |
NFS, non-alcoholic fatty liver score; FIB-4, fibrosis-4 score; ARPI, aspartate transaminase-to-platelet ratio index; GPR, gamma-glutamyltransferase-to-platelet ratio; FLI, fatty liver index; CAC, coronary artery calcium; MI, myocardial infarction; HF, heart failure; OR, odds ratio; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; CVDs, cardiovascular diseases; BARD score, body mass index, aspartate aminotransferase-to-alanine aminotransferase ratio, diabetes score.