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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Sep 30.
Published in final edited form as: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2019 Jan 7;50(2):583–591. doi: 10.1002/jmri.26629

FIGURE 10:

FIGURE 10:

Hypothesis that free radicals or ROS promote proton exchange through an oxidation-catalyzed mechanism. Free radicals may stimulate hydrogen abstraction and promote proton exchange between metabolites and water, producing water as an end product. R: the generic group; X represent O, N, or S, etc.