Table 3.
Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review
| Authors, year | Country | Study participants | Methodology | Healthcare setting/ data | Type of Healthcare system | DR Classification | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gov | Private | Payers | No-DR | mild, moderate, & severe NPDR | PDR | DMO | |||||
| Pushkar & Tiwari, 2022 [9] | India | 119 DR, previously Dx |
Cross-section; 2016 to 2018 |
Community clinic / EMR |
- | - | Yes/ sometimes medical institute | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Orji et al., 2021 [10] | India | 1000DR | Cross-section; Jan to Jun 2019 | Tertiary eye care/EMR | - | - | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Toth et al., 2020 [11] | Hungary | DM with or without DR | Cost of illness model; combing RAAB + DRM; in 2017- in 2045 |
Hospital/ EMR |
Yes | - | - | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Sasongko et al., 2019 [12] | Indonesia | DM with or with out DR | Cost of illness model; in 2016- in 2025 |
Hospital/ EMR |
Yes | - | - | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Heintz et al.,2010 [6] | Sweden | 251,386 DM with or without DR | Cross-section; 2000 to 2007 | CDWO/ and NDR | Yes | - | - | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Schmier et al., [13] 2009 | USA | DM with or without DR | Case-control; 1999 to 2004 | Medicare insurance | Yes | - | - | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Lee et al., 2008 [14] | USA | 750,000 DM employer | Case control; 1999 to 2004 | Health insurance date | - | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Happich et al., 2008 [15] | Germany | 207 DM with DR | Cross-section 2002 | Hospital / EMR | Yes | - | - | - | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Philips et al., 1994 [16] | Mexico | 69 DM with or without DR | Cross-section; in 1985- in 1991 | Large eye hospital/ MR | - | - | Yes | No | No | No | No |
| Rein et al., 2006 [5] | USA | Any visual disorder | Cross-section | Health insurance | Yes | Yes | - | No | No | No | No |
| Morsanutto et al., 2006 [17] | Italy | 292 DM with or without DR | Cross-section; 2001 to 2002 | Diabetic center/ EMR | Yes | - | - | No | No | No | No |
| Schmitt et al., 2004 [18] | Switzerland | 1479 DM with or without DR | Cross-section; 1998 to 199 | Primary care/EMR | Yes | - | - | No | No | No | No |
| Brien et al., 2003 [19] | Canada | DM | Cross-section ; 1994 to 1996 | Ontario Case Cost Project; physician, Lab fee, reports, and literature | Yes | - | - | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
CDWO (Care Data Warehouse in Ostergotland), NDR (National Diabetic Register), MR (Medical Record), DM (Diabetes Mellitus)