Table 5.

Changes in staff-reported main outcomes pre to post BeUpstanding program (k = 82 workplaces) ^a

Outcome	Pre-program	Unadjusted			Adjusted b			Adjusted b & multiply imputed c
	M (SD)	n	Change (95% CI)	p	n	Change (95% CI)	p	n	Change (95% CI)	p
Outcomes targeted by the intervention
Activity as % of workday g
Sitting d, e	78.3 (17.9)	2131	-7.6 (-9.1, -6.1)	< 0.001	2043	-8.1 (-9.7, -6.5)	< 0.001	2248	-7.7 (-9.6, -5.8)	< 0.001
Standing d, f	10.7 (11.1)	2131	5.0 (3.3, 6.7)	< 0.001	2043	5.9 (3.8, 7.9)	< 0.001	2248	6.3 (4.3, 8.3)	< 0.001
Moving d, f	11.0 (10.5)	2131	0.8 (-0.2, 1.8)	0.109	2043	1.3 (0.1, 2.4)	0.032	2248	3.1 (2.1, 4.1)	< 0.001
% of sitting in prolonged bouts d, h	65.8 (24.5)	2130	-9.1 (-11.0, -7.1)	< 0.001	2042	-9.3 (-11.2, -7.3)	< 0.001	2248	-9.0 (-11.2, -6.7)	< 0.001
Activity preference alignment i
Sitting	153.1 (84.0)	2091	-34.3 (-40.7, -27.8)	< 0.001	2043	-33.7 (-40.2, -27.1)	< 0.001	2248	-30.7 (-37.6, -23.9)	< 0.001
Standing	90.3 (62.6)	2091	-17.6 (-22.5, -12.6)	< 0.001	2043	-17.3 (-22.2, -12.3)	< 0.001	2248	-14.8 (-21.8, -7.8)	< 0.001
Moving	70.8 (60.6)	2091	-10.7 (-15.4, -6.0)	< 0.001	2043	-10.3 (-15.1, -5.6)	< 0.001	2248	-6.9 (-12.7, -1.0)	0.023
Perceptions of culture (0–4) j
Overall culture score	2.6 (0.8)	2092	0.37 (0.31, 0.43)	< 0.001	2043	0.37 (0.30, 0.43)	< 0.001	2248	0.34 (0.28, 0.40)	< 0.001
Perceived control over sitting e	2.6 (1.1)	2092	0.23 (0.16, 0.30)	< 0.001	2043	0.23 (0.15, 0.30)	< 0.001	2248	0.06 (-0.02, 0.13)	0.136
Organisation supports choices e	2.7 (1.0)	2092	0.36 (0.30, 0.43)	< 0.001	2043	0.36 (0.30, 0.43)	< 0.001	2248	0.15 (0.09, 0.21)	< 0.001
Organisation supports moving	2.9 (0.9)	2092	0.28 (0.21, 0.35)	< 0.001	2043	0.27 (0.20, 0.34)	< 0.001	2248	0.05 (-0.02, 0.13)	0.159
Role modelling	2.1 (1.0)	2092	0.47 (0.38, 0.55)	< 0.001	2043	0.46 (0.38, 0.55)	< 0.001	2248	0.33 (0.25, 0.42)	< 0.001
Supportive culture	2.5 (1.0)	2092	0.47 (0.39, 0.55)	< 0.001	2043	0.47 (0.38, 0.55)	< 0.001	2248	0.28 (0.20, 0.36)	< 0.001
Other outcomes
Feeling part of a team (0–4) k	2.6 (1.0)	2043	0.02 (-0.06, 0.10)	0.633	2043	0.01 (-0.07, 0.09)	0.869	2248	-0.05 (-0.13, 0.04)	0.296
Feeling engaged (0–4) k	2.5 (0.9)	2043	0.05 (-0.02, 0.12)	0.173	2043	0.03 (-0.04, 0.11)	0.368	2248	-0.04 (-0.13, 0.05)	0.383
Productivity and Health		2043	0.10 (0.02, 0.17)	0.012
Self-rated job performance (1–7) e, l	5.5 (1.0)	2043	0.09 (0.01, 0.18)	0.027	2043	0.09 (0.01, 0.16)	0.019	2248	-0.07 (-0.16, 0.03)	0.148
Job satisfaction (1–7) e, m	5.1 (1.2)	2043	0.00 (0.00, 0.00)	0.923	2043	0.09 (0.00, 0.17)	0.047	2248	-0.01 (-0.10, 0.07)	0.733
Sick Days past 28 days (0–28) f, n	0.6 (1.9)	2043	0.03 (-0.06, 0.12)	0.573	2043	0.00 (0.00, 0.00)	0.923	2248	-0.14 (-0.51, 0.23)	0.441
Stress (0–4) o	1.7 (1.1)	2043	0.13 (0.08, 0.18)	< 0.001	2043	0.03 (-0.06, 0.12)	0.507	2248	0.06 (-0.02, 0.14)	0.169
Energy score (0–4) o	2.1 (0.7)	2043	0.02 (-0.05, 0.10)	0.558	2043	0.12 (0.07, 0.18)	< 0.001	2248	0.10 (0.06, 0.14)	< 0.001
Creativity (0–4) o	1.6 (1.0)	2043	0.02 (-0.06, 0.10)	0.633	2043	0.01 (-0.07, 0.08)	0.864	2248	0.05 (-0.01, 0.12)	0.093
Self-rated health (0-100) p
Psychological	2.2 (1.0)	2043	0.07 (0.00, 0.14)	0.038	2043	0.07 (0.00, 0.14)	0.054	2248	0.04 (-0.03, 0.11)	0.222
Physical	2.0 (1.0)	2043	0.12 (0.05, 0.18)	< 0.001	2043	0.12 (0.05, 0.18)	< 0.001	2248	0.07 (0.00, 0.14)	0.044
Musculoskeletal discomfort (0-100) q
Upper body	4.7 (3.0)	2043	-0.55 (-0.78, -0.33)	< 0.001	2043	-0.54 (-0.76, -0.31)	< 0.001	2248	-0.35 (-0.58, -0.13)	0.003
Lower back	3.9 (3.1)	2043	-0.60 (-0.84, -0.37)	< 0.001	2043	-0.58 (-0.82, -0.34)	< 0.001	2248	-0.37 (-0.68, -0.06)	0.020
Lower body	3.8 (3.1)	2043	-0.37 (-0.60, -0.13)	0.002	2043	-0.36 (-0.59, -0.12)	0.003	2248	-0.12 (-0.37, 0.13)	0.323

^a Estimated from linear mixed models, with random intercepts for workplace, and staff (nested within workplace). Reports M and SD with linearized variance to correct for workplace clustering, and contrasts of marginal means. Expressions used for transformed outcomes

^b Adjusts for variables that may be imbalanced across pre- and post-program respondents: p < 0.2 predictors of team participation in post-program surveys (Additional File 6); p < 0.2 predictors of staff participation in post-program only versus pre-program only surveys (Additional File 7) using only one variable for concepts measured in multiple ways (organisational readiness, location, and postcode SES). Models adjusted for: small-medium enterprise (yes/no); regional staff (yes/no); inclusion of call-centre staff (yes/no); Champion Occupational Health & Safety role (yes/no); COVID-19 impact level (none/general/high); public sector (yes/no); organisational readiness (context score); Champion age (years); full-time employment (yes/no); Job category skill [1–5]; team health interest level (0–4); Postcode SES

^c Missing data multiply imputed by chained equations (STATA) with m = 20 imputations

^d Model also includes random slopes for workplace, as likelihood ratio test supported random slopes over random intercept models at p < 0.05 (Additional File 8)

^e Inverse log transformed as ln(1 + maximum value – variable)

^f Log transformed as ln(variable) for positive or ln (variable + 0.001) for non-negative variables

^g Occupational Sitting and Physical Activity Questionnaire [34].

^h Percentage of their sitting that staff estimate is accrued by sitting for 30 + minutes continuously: 0-100; [62]

ⁱ Absolute difference between desired and self-reported percentage (0 = perfect alignment; 100 = complete misalignment) [22]

^j 0–4; [19] higher = better

^k Single item (0–4; higher = better)

^l Single item; [63] 1–7; higher = better;

^m Single item; [64] 1–7; higher = better;

ⁿ Sick days in last four weeks (0–28 days; lower = better); [65]

^o 0–4 with higher = better; note: energy is mean of 3 items

^p Self-rated physical and psychological health (0 = poor; 4 = excellent); higher = better [66, 67].

^q Musculoskeletal discomfort experienced over the last week (0 = no discomfort; 10 = severe discomfort); [68, 69]