Table 1.
Selected characteristics of participants in Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Screening Cohort (N = 761 cases and N=761 controls)
| Cases | Controls | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||
| N (%) | Mean (SD) | N (%) | Mean (SD) | |
|
|
||||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age | 63.94 (5.21) | 63.79 (5.24) | ||
| Male | 383 (50.33) | 383 (50.33) | ||
| White | 665 (87.39) | 665 (87.39) | ||
| Married or partnered | 555 (73.03) | 608 (79.89) | ||
| College graduate or higher | 233 (30.66) | 269 (35.39) | ||
| Medical History | ||||
| Aspirin use > once/week | 364 (47.83) | 355 (46.65) | ||
| Ibuprofen use > once/week | 207 (27.20) | 211 (27.73) | ||
| Current or former HRT use | 239 (31.41) | 257 (33.77) | ||
| Family history of CRC | 102 (13.88) | 83 (11.35) | ||
| History of colon polyps | 71 (9.33) | 37 (4.87) | ||
| Has comorbidityb | 209 (27.54) | 163 (21.42) | ||
| Has diabetes | 69 (9.07) | 45 (5.91) | ||
| Has gallbladder disease | 103 (13.53) | 77 (10.12) | ||
| Has cardiovascular disease | 77 (10.12) | 65 (8.54) | ||
| Lifestyle behaviors | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.10 (5.14) | 26.93 (4.45) | ||
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | 0.92 (2.12) | 0.82 (1.80) | ||
| Smokes > 20 cigarettes per day | 139 (18.39) | 131 (17.21) | ||
| Exercises < 1 hour per week | 216 (31.44) | 221 (31.04) | ||
| Dietary Intake | ||||
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 2,090 (938.79) | 2,056 (851.56) | ||
| Calcium (g/1000 kcal/day) | 618.84 (316.64) | 645.92 (323.98) | ||
| Fiber (g/1000 kcal/day) | 11.80 (3.52) | 12.15 (3.44) | ||
| Folate (g/1000 kcal/day) | 349.45 (205.86) | 367.20 (205.15) | ||
| Vitamin B12 (g/1000 kcal/day) | 6.93 (9.02) | 7.28 (9.49) | ||
| Fish (g/day) | 20.84 (26.58) | 20.65 (25.91) | ||
| Red meat (g/day) | 80.20 (74.01) | 73.42 (62.88) | ||
| Fruit and vegetable (g/day) | 664.46 (329.97) | 658.89 (305.93) | ||
| Metabolite Values | ||||
| Betaine (μM) | 36.43 (14.55) | 36.57 (15.66) | ||
| Choline (μM) | 13.61 (6.70) | 14.44 (16.43) | ||
| L-Carnitine (μM) | 39.27 (8.71) | 39.03 (9.13) | ||
| TMAO (μM) | 5.08 (5.25) | 5.03 (7.46) | ||
a
P-values were estimated using Chi square tests for categorical variables, ANOVA for normally distributed variables, and Kruskal-Wallis tests for non-normally distributed variables. Values represent either mean (SD) or N (%); abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CRC, colorectal cancer; HRT, hormonal replacement therapy; SD, standard deviation.
b
Comorbidities include the presence of at least one of the following: diabetes, gallbladder disease, or heart disease.