Table 2.
Associationsa of circulating TMAO and its precursors with incident colorectal cancer in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Screening Cohort (N = 761 cases and N=761 controls)
| Overall |
Males |
Females |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | OR (95% CI) | Pb | N males | OR (95% CI) | P | N females | OR (95% CI) | P | |||
|
|
|||||||||||
| Continuous concentrations [range] (ng/mL) | |||||||||||
| TMAO [0.231; 163.00] | 761 | 1.12 (0.84, 1.48) | 0.44 | 383 | 1.08 (0.73, 1.60) | 0.71 | 378 | 1.11 (0.73, 1.69) | 0.63 | ||
| Betaine [0.028; 209.00] | 761 | 0.95 (0.67, 1.34) | 0.77 | 383 | 0.89 (0.57, 1.39) | 0.62 | 378 | 0.93 (0.58, 1.48) | 0.76 | ||
| Choline [5.26; 316.00] | 761 | 1.03 (0.75, 1.40) | 0.87 | 383 | 0.94 (0.61, 1.46) | 0.79 | 378 | 1.36 (0.86, 2.14) | 0.19 | ||
| L-carnitine [0.027; 83.70] | 761 | 0.94 (0.68, 1.30) | 0.69 | 383 | 0.80 (0.50, 1.26) | 0.33 | 378 | 1.31 (0.83, 2.06) | 0.24 | ||
| TMAO | |||||||||||
| Quartile 1 [0.231; 2.65] | 177 | 1.00 | 82 | 1.00 | 95 | 1.00 | |||||
| Quartile 2 [2.65; 3.80] | 183 | 1.05 (0.78, 1.40) | 101 | 1.28 (0.83, 1.96) | 82 | 0.85 (0.56, 1.28) | |||||
| Quartile 3 [3.80; 5.57] | 180 | 0.93 (0.68, 1.26) | 96 | 1.11 (0.71, 1.73) | 84 | 0.75 (0.49, 1.16) | |||||
| Quartile 4 [5.58; 163.00] | 221 | 1.14 (0.85, 1.52) | 0.44 | 104 | 1.21 (0.79, 1.84) | 0.71 | 117 | 1.04 (0.68, 1.60) | 0.63 | ||
| Betaine | |||||||||||
| Quartile 1 [0.028; 26.70] | 187 | 1.00 | 99 | 88 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Quartile 2 [26.80; 35.30] | 203 | 1.10 (0.81, 1.49) | 104 | 0.96 (0.63, 1.45) | 99 | 1.18 (0.75, 1.87) | |||||
| Quartile 3 [35.30; 44.30] | 179 | 0.90 (0.66, 1.22) | 89 | 0.85 (0.55, 1.32) | 90 | 0.88 (0.55, 1.41) | |||||
| Quartile 4 [44.30; 209.00] | 192 | 1.01 (0.73, 1.39) | 0.77 | 91 | 0.87 (0.55, 1.37) | 0.62 | 101 | 1.01 (0.62, 1.63) | 0.76 | ||
| Choline | |||||||||||
| Quartile 1 [5.26; 11.00] | 182 | 1.00 | 103 | 1.00 | 79 | 1.00 | |||||
| Quartile 2 [11.00; 12.80] | 175 | 0.96 (0.71, 1.30) | 94 | 0.85 (0.55, 1.31) | 81 | 1.08 (0.69, 1.69) | |||||
| Quartile 3 [12.80; 15.00] | 196 | 1.10 (0.81, 1.50) | 83 | 0.77 (0.49, 1.20) | 113 | 1.54 (0.98, 2.42) | |||||
| Quartile 4 [15.00; 316.00] | 208 | 1.10 (0.80, 1.52) | 0.87 | 103 | 0.98 (0.62, 1.55) | 0.79 | 105 | 1.27 (0.79, 2.04) | 0.19 | ||
| Carnitine | |||||||||||
| Quartile 1 [0.027; 33.20] | 199 | 1.00 | 105 | 1.00 | 94 | 1.00 | |||||
| Quartile 2 [33.20; 38.60] | 155 | 0.73 (0.54, 0.99) | 88 | 0.76 (0.49, 1.19) | 67 | 0.67 (0.43, 1.04) | |||||
| Quartile 3 [38.60; 44.50] | 190 | 0.90 (0.67, 1.22) | 93 | 0.77 (0.50, 1.20) | 97 | 0.96 (0.63, 1.48) | |||||
| Quartile 4 [44.50; 83.70] | 217 | 0.99 (0.72, 1.36) | 0.69 | 97 | 0.78 (0.49, 1.24) | 0.33 | 120 | 1.16 (0.74, 1.83) | 0.24 | ||
Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using conditional logistic regression. Odds ratios represent risk at the 90th percentile as compared with the 10th percentile of log metabolite intensity (OR = eβ(X90-X10) where β is the coefficient for the metabolite modeled continuously and X90 and X10 are metabolite values at the 90th and 10th percentiles based on the control distribution); all the models above were adjusted for sex, age, race, season and calendar year of blood draw, total years of cigarettes smoked, number of cigarettes per day, education, body mass index, regular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)/aspirin use, marital status, family history of CRC, hormone therapy use, and comorbidities including diabetes, gallbladder and cardiovascular diseases.