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. 2024 Aug 31;22(3):A265–A272. doi: 10.59390/NQCA2038

Table 2.

Pre-/post-semester comparisons of student performance on the SPFA.

SPFA Construct Item Score Rating Score


Pre-Semester M (SEM) Post-Semester M (SEM) p-value Pre-Semester M (SEM) Post-Semester M (SEM) p-value
Experimental Design 7.61 (0.36) 10.48 (0.51) < 0.001 1.95 (0.12) 2.84 (0.15) < 0.001
Reasons for Doing Science 0.43 (0.13) 0.73 (0.15) 0.124 1.39 (0.11) 1.64 (0.12) 0.102
Nature of Science 0.52 (0.11) 0.93 (0.18) 0.040 1.41 (0.08) 1.59 (0.09) 0.088
Interconnectivitya - - - 0.98 (0.09) 1.09 (0.12) 0.280
Total Score 8.57 (0.44) 12.14 (0.58) < 0.001 5.73 (0.22) 7.16 (0.28) < 0.001
a

The interconnectivity metric does not include an item score, as per the SPFA rubric.