TABLE 1.
Elements Quantified in Distinct Brain Structures
| Gadodiamide | Gadobutrol | Saline | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Element Concentrations in, nmol/g | |||||||||
| Structure | Ori | Gd | Fe | Mn | Gd | Fe | Mn | Fe | Mn |
| Entire medial sagittal section (whole-brain estimate) | Sag | 3.4* | 324.7* | 9.7* | 0.8† | 398.7† | 11.5† | 495.7‡ | 10.9‡ |
| Cerebellum | |||||||||
| Deep cerebellar nuclei | Hor | 18.2 | 494.8 | 12.3 | 0.4 | 676.7 | 20.6 | 817.8 | 13.4 |
| Sag | 57.9 | 649.7 | 17.0 | 0.3 | 668.5 | 17.3 | 961.2 | 18.3 | |
| Sag | 32.2 | 734.4 | 19.5 | 0.6 | 885.5 | 19.7 | 863.7 | 9.4 | |
| Sag | 36.8 | 992.7 | 25.3 | 0.7 | 865.1 | 19.2 | 950.0 | 14.4 | |
| Sag | 31.3 | 685.0 | 15.2 | 0.7 | 1193.4 | 20.3 | 936.4 | 25.6 | |
| Granular layer of cerebellum | Sag | 15.9 | 595.1 | 13.7 | 0.6 | 746.6 | 15.7 | 516.4 | 7.9 |
| Sag | 21.0 | 626.4 | 13.2 | 0.5 | 821.8 | 15.1 | 702.1 | 15.4 | |
| Sag | 19.6 | 621.1 | 14.0 | 0.6 | 860.1 | 16.4 | 769.9 | 14.9 | |
| Brainstem | |||||||||
| Vestibular nucleus | Sag | 3.9 | 593.0 | 19.3 | 0.2 | 529.1 | 15.1 | 831.3 | 20.7 |
| Cor | 3.1 | 593.1 | 18.8 | 0.5 | 924.1 | 24.4 | 799.3 | 23.1 | |
| Superior olivary complex | Sag | 13.7 | 393.4 | 14.0 | 0.6 | 697.4 | 24.8 | 829.7 | 31.4 |
| Facial nucleus | Sag | 1.9 | 777.8 | 23.7 | 0.4 | 508.1 | 13.7 | 803.6 | 17.3 |
| Midbrain | |||||||||
| Inferior colliculus | Sag | 7.3 | 833.6 | 25.1 | 0.8 | 941.8 | 24.7 | 842.0 | 22.6 |
| Superior colliculus | Sag | 4.7 | 460.7 | 15.9 | 0.6 | 621.0 | 16.5 | 591.0 | 16.3 |
| Substantia nigra | Sag | 10.5 | 652.1 | 11.4 | 0.7 | 897.2 | 13.1 | 558.7 | 8.3 |
| Interbrain | |||||||||
| Thalamic nuclei | Sag | 5.7 | 444.6 | 14.8 | 0.6 | 497.3 | 15.7 | 515.4 | 14.9 |
| Hypothalamus | Sag | 4.6 | 410.7 | 14.0 | 0.5 | 415.7 | 11.9 | 412.3 | 13.7 |
| Cerebrum | |||||||||
| Caudate putamen | Sag | 9.9 | 453.6 | 10.6 | 0.7 | 366.9 | 8.4 | 486.0 | 10.3 |
| Retrosplenial cortex | Sag | 12.2 | 457.4 | 10.6 | 0.7 | 543.0 | 14.5 | 486.8 | 11.6 |
| Cor | 15.4 | 435.6 | 11.9 | 0.6 | 279.2 | 3.8 | 397.9 | 5.9 | |
| Dorsal subiculum | Sag | 31.5 | 552.2 | 10.6 | 0.4 | 560.4 | 10.0 | 601.4 | 10.7 |
| Cor | 20.4 | 538.2 | 10.5 | 0.4 | 293.4 | 1.9 | 515.9 | 4.7 | |
| Primary somatosensory cortex | Sag | 6.2 | 404.6 | 13.0 | 1.4 | 404.6 | 8.9 | 469.5 | 8.3 |
| Hor | 18.0 | 384.5 | 10.2 | 0.4 | 222.4 | 3.7 | 172.3 | 2.8 | |
| Cingulate cortex | Cor | 10.0 | 338.7 | 9.0 | 1.3 | 320.0 | 6.1 | 349.6 | 9.5 |
| Hor | 35.0 | 310.4 | 9.0 | 0.4 | 100.0 | 0.2 | 215.2 | 0.0 | |
| Separate structures§ | |||||||||
| Olfactory bulb | Sag | 35.9 | 616.4 | 10.7 | 4.3 | 450.4 | 7.9 | 439.8 | 8.4 |
| Sag | 14.0 | 463.5 | 10.4 | 2.7 | 620.0 | 9.1 | 478.1 | 9.4 | |
| Choroid plexus | Cor | 11.6 | 870.7 | 8.7 | 15.8 | 1713.2 | 11.5 | 1208.2 | 8.7 |
| Sag | 9.9 | 1594.7 | 7.5 | 15.5 | 734.0 | 6.3 | 1263.0 | 3.1 | |
| Sag | 10.4 | 1794.8 | 8.1 | 10.9 | 826.8 | 5.8 | 1690.4 | 9.4 | |
| Mean§ | 17.2 | 555.1 | 14.7 | 0.6 | 609.2 | 13.9 | 630.6 | 13.5 | |
| SEM§ | 2.6 | 32.0 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 52.5 | 1.4 | 44.4 | 1.4 | |
| Difference vs control | ¶,∥ | ns | ns | ¶,∥ | ns | ns | — | — | |
| Difference vs other GBCA | ¶ | ns | ns | ¶ | ns | ns | — | — | |
Concentrations were measured by placing ROIs in individual tissue slices of the respective orientations.
*Average over 315,500 voxels.
†Average over 278,200 voxels.
‡Average over 309,400 voxels.
§Separate structures excluded from arithmetic mean due to their unique properties (see Discussion).
∥Gd concentrations in all ROIs of saline animals were below the limit of quantification.
¶P < 0.0001, Wilcoxon signed rank test.
Ori, orientation; Sag, sagittal; Hor, horizontal; Cor, coronal.