Table 5.
MHPTS Items and Learner-Level Outcomes
| MHPTS items |
| 1. A leader is clearly recognized by all team members |
| 2. The team leader assures maintenance of an appropriate balance between command authority and team member participation |
| 3. Each team member demonstrates a clear understanding of his or her role |
| 4. The team prompts each other to attend to all significant clinical indicators throughout the procedure/intervention |
| 5. When team members are actively involved with the patient, they verbalize their activities aloud |
| 6. Team members repeat back or paraphrase instructions and clarifications to indicate that they heard them correctly |
| 7. Team members refer to established protocols and checklists for the procedure/intervention |
| 8. All members of the team are appropriately involved and participate in the activity |
| 9. Disagreements or conflicts among team members are addressed without a loss of situation awareness |
| 10. When appropriate, roles are shifted to address urgent or emergent events |
| 11. When directions are unclear, team members acknowledge their lack of understanding and ask for repetition and clarification |
| 12. Team members acknowledge, in a positive manner, statements directed at avoiding or containing errors or seeking clarification |
| 13. Team members call attention to actions that they feel could cause errors or complications |
| 14. Team members respond to potential errors or complications with procedures that avoid the error or complication |
| 15. When statements directed at avoiding or containing errors or complications do not elicit a response to avoid or contain the error, team members persist in seeking a response |
| 16. Team members ask each other for assistance prior to or during periods of task overload |
| MHPTS scores by professional role | Mean | SD |
| Registered nurse (n = 70) | 26.8 | 3.5 |
| Advanced practice provider (n = 20) | 26.7 | 4.3 |
| Fellow (n = 16) | 25.3 | 3.9 |
| Faculty (n = 2) | 25.5 | 0.7 |
| Pharmacist (n = 11) | 23.0 | 3.8 |
| Respiratory therapist (n = 15) | 26.0 | 2.6 |
| Students/residents (n = 6) | 26.5 | 3.1 |
| Self-rated prepared to respond to a clinical emergency | ||||
| Role | Before simulation | After simulation | Median change | p Value |
| Registered nurse (n = 70) | 7.0 (5.8–8.0) | 8.0 (6.0–9.0) | +1.0 | <0.001 |
| Advanced practice provider (n = 20) | 7.0 (6.0–8.0) | 8.0 (8.0–9.0) | +1.0 | <0.001 |
| Fellow (n = 16) | 6.0 (4.5–6.0) | 7.0 (7.0–8.0) | +1.0 | 0.001 |
| Faculty (n = 2) | 9.0 (8.5–9.0) | 7.0 (7.0–7.8) | −2.0 | Unable |
| Pharmacist (n = 11) | 9.0 (8.0–9.0) | 8.5 (8.0–9.0) | −0.5 | 0.059 |
| Respiratory therapist (n = 15) | 8.0 (7.0–9.8) | 9.0 (8.3–9.0) | +1.0 | 0.004 |
| Students/residents (n = 6) | 7.0 (4.5–8.8) | 7.0 (7.0–8.0) | 0 | Unable |
| Whole team (n = 140) | 7.0 (6.0–8.0) | 8.0 (7.0–9.0) | +1.0 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: IQR = interquartile range; MHPTS = Mayo High Performance Teamwork Scale.
Mean MHPTS scores by discipline and self-reported preparedness to respond to a clinical emergency, reported as median (IQR) score, before and after a single in situ simulation exercise.