Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Lactate Level | Normal (N=128) | High (N=216) | Total (N=344) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at index (yr) | 0.2303a | |||
| N | 128 | 216 | 344 | |
| Mean (SD) | 73.0 (13.03) | 71.1 (13.39) | 71.8 (13.27) | |
| Median | 73 | 73 | 73 | |
| Range | 20.0–99.0 | 22.0–97.0 | 20.0–99.0 | |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.9379b | |||
| Female | 61 (47.7) | 102 (47.2) | 163 (47.4) | |
| Male | 67 (52.3) | 114 (52.8) | 181 (52.6) | |
| Race and ethnicity, n (%) | 0.7884b | |||
| White | 48 (37.5) | 70 (32.4) | 118 (34.3) | |
| Black | 18 (14.1) | 29 (13.4) | 47 (13.7) | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 15 (11.7) | 30 (13.9) | 45 (13.1) | |
| Hispanic | 47 (36.7) | 86 (39.8) | 133 (38.7) | |
| Other/unknown | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.3) | |
| RRT during encounter, n (%) | 0.7947b | |||
| No | 98 (76.6) | 168 (77.8) | 266 (77.3) | |
| Yes | 30 (23.4) | 48 (22.2) | 78 (22.7) | |
| BMI | 0.0774a | |||
| N | 128 | 215 | 343 | |
| Mean (SD) | 28.7 (8.60) | 26.9 (7.03) | 27.6 (7.70) | |
| Median | 27.3 | 26 | 26.3 | |
| Range | 14.9–52.6 | 12.9–59.5 | 12.9–59.5 | |
| Diagnosis of COVID-19 during encounter, n (%) | 0.4964b | |||
| No | 122 (95.3) | 209 (96.8) | 331 (96.2) | |
| Yes | 6 (4.7) | 7 (3.2) | 13 (3.8) | |
| Diagnosis of AKI during encounter, n (%) | 0.6448b | |||
| No | 75 (58.6) | 132 (61.1) | 207 (60.2) | |
| Yes | 53 (41.4) | 84 (38.9) | 137 (39.8) | |
| Creatinine increased >0.3 mg/dl from baseline to encounter, n (%) | 0.0010b | |||
| No | 75 (58.6) | 87 (40.3) | 162 (47.1) | |
| Yes | 53 (41.4) | 129 (59.7) | 182 (52.9) | |
| Elixhauser index | 0.4918a | |||
| N | 128 | 216 | 344 | |
| Mean (SD) | 8.8 (3.34) | 8.5 (3.45) | 8.6 (3.41) | |
| Median | 9 | 9 | 9 | |
| Range | 2.0–17.0 | 1.0–19.0 | 1.0–19.0 | |
| Used any metformin in baseline and during encounter, n (%) | 0.4768b | |||
| No | 99 (77.3) | 174 (80.6) | 273 (79.4) | |
| Yes | 29 (22.7) | 42 (19.4) | 71 (20.6) | |
| Used any albuterol in baseline and during encounter, n (%) | 0.0413b | |||
| No | 37 (28.9) | 86 (39.8) | 123 (35.8) | |
| Yes | 91 (71.1) | 130 (60.2) | 221 (64.2) | |
| Used any linezolid in baseline and during encounter, n (%) | 0.4964b | |||
| No | 122 (95.3) | 209 (96.8) | 331 (96.2) | |
| Yes | 6 (4.7) | 7 (3.2) | 13 (3.8) | |
| Used any propofol in baseline and during encounter, n (%) | 0.3517b | |||
| No | 55 (43.0) | 104 (48.1) | 159 (46.2) | |
| Yes | 73 (57.0) | 112 (51.9) | 185 (53.8) | |
| Used any salmeterol in baseline and during encounter, n (%) | 0.1976b | |||
| No | 114 (89.1) | 201 (93.1) | 315 (91.6) | |
| Yes | 14 (10.9) | 15 (6.9) | 29 (8.4) | |
| SOFA | 0.0003a | |||
| N | 115 | 194 | 309 | |
| Mean (SD) | 5.2 (3.39) | 6.9 (4.15) | 6.3 (3.97) | |
| Median | 5 | 7 | 6 | |
| Range | 0.0–14.0 | 0.0–18.0 | 0.0–18.0 | |
| Temperature (F) | 0.8618a | |||
| N | 128 | 215 | 343 | |
| Mean (SD) | 97.9 (1.44) | 98.0 (1.76) | 97.9 (1.65) | |
| Median | 98.1 | 98 | 98 | |
| Range | 93.1–105.0 | 91.2–103.5 | 91.2–105.0 | |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 0.1711a | |||
| N | 128 | 215 | 343 | |
| Mean (SD) | 113.0 (27.40) | 109.4 (27.25) | 110.8 (27.32) | |
| Median | 107.5 | 106 | 106 | |
| Range | 53.0–200.0 | 56.0–223.0 | 53.0–223.0 | |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 0.4590a | |||
| N | 128 | 215 | 343 | |
| Mean (SD) | 64.1 (18.13) | 63.8 (20.41) | 63.9 (19.56) | |
| Median | 63 | 60 | 62 | |
| Range | 26.0–155.0 | 0.0–195.0 | 0.0–195.0 | |
| Heart rate (BPM) | <0.0001a | |||
| N | 128 | 215 | 343 | |
| Mean (SD) | 92.5 (21.03) | 105.6 (23.80) | 100.7 (23.64) | |
| Median | 91 | 104 | 99 | |
| Range | 50.0–160.0 | 51.0–196.0 | 50.0–196.0 | |
| Respiration rate (BPM) | 0.1082a | |||
| N | 128 | 215 | 343 | |
| Mean (SD) | 23.4 (9.52) | 24.6 (9.08) | 24.2 (9.25) | |
| Median | 20.5 | 22 | 22 | |
| Range | 8.0–50.0 | 10.0–50.0 | 8.0–50.0 | |
| SpO2 (%) | 0.3568a | |||
| N | 128 | 215 | 343 | |
| Mean (SD) | 96.9 (3.61) | 96.4 (4.56) | 96.6 (4.23) | |
| Median | 98 | 98 | 98 | |
| Range | 80.0–100.0 | 66.0–100.0 | 66.0–100.0 | |
| Albumin-corrected anion gap, baseline (mEq/L) | 0.7004a | |||
| N | 128 | 216 | 344 | |
| Mean (SD) | 10.9 (2.65) | 10.9 (2.62) | 10.9 (2.63) | |
| Median | 10.6 | 10.8 | 10.8 | |
| Range | 5.1–22.8 | 4.5–17.8 | 4.5–22.8 | |
| Albumin-corrected anion gap, ICU (mEq/L) | <0.0001a | |||
| N | 128 | 216 | 344 | |
| Mean (SD) | 15.5 (3.79) | 17.7 (4.8) | 16.9 (4.58) | |
| Median | 14.9 | 16.5 | 16.0 | |
| Range | 8.3–30.5 | 8.3–33.3 | 8.3–33.3 | |
| Serum HCO 3 , baseline (mEq/L) | 0.0126a | |||
| N | 128 | 216 | 344 | |
| Mean (SD) | 26.9 (3.18) | 26.0 (2.96) | 26.3 (3.07) | |
| Median | 27.0 | 26.2 | 26.7 | |
| Range | 17.0–38.0 | 17.3–33.0 | 24.3–28.0 | |
| Serum HCO 3 , ICU (mEq/L) | <0.0001a | |||
| N | 128 | 216 | 344 | |
| Mean (SD) | 20.7 (4.43) | 18.4 (4.60) | 19.2 (4.67) | |
| Median | 20.0 | 18.5 | 20.0 | |
| Range | 9.0–35.0 | 6.0–29.0 | 6.0–35.0 | |
| Albumin, baseline (g/dl) | 0.7961a | |||
| N | 128 | 216 | 344 | |
| Mean (SD) | 3.4 (0.61) | 3.3 (0.62) | 3.4 (0.61) | |
| Median | 3.3 | 3.,3 | 3.3 | |
| Range | 1.5–4.9 | 1.7–5.2 | 1.5–5.2 | |
| Albumin, ICU (g/dl) | 0.6732a | |||
| N | 128 | 216 | 344 | |
| Mean (SD) | 2.4 (0.59) | 2.4 (0.69) | 2.4 (0.66) | |
| Median | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.4 | |
| Range | 1.3–5.1 | 1.0–4.8 | 1.0–5.1 | |
| Blood glucose (mg/dl) | 0.0385a | |||
| N | 119 | 200 | 319 | |
| Mean (SD) | 141.6 (56.15) | 177.3 (117.12) | 164.0 (100.26) | |
| Median | 128 | 138 | 134 | |
| Range | 39.0–361.0 | 18.0–923.0 | 18.0–923.0 | |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 0.6043a | |||
| N | 128 | 216 | 344 | |
| Mean (SD) | 9.9 (1.75) | 10.1 (2.52) | 10.1 (2.27) | |
| Median | 10.1 | 9.9 | 9.9 | |
| Range | 5.1–14.3 | 3.9–16.9 | 3.9–16.9 | |
| BUN (mg/dl) | 0.8300a | |||
| N | 128 | 214 | 342 | |
| Mean (SD) | 43.0 (31.92) | 43.8 (34.06) | 43.5 (33.23) | |
| Median | 35.5 | 33 | 34 | |
| Range | 4.0–171.0 | 4.0–218.0 | 4.0–218.0 | |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 0.6374a | |||
| N | 128 | 216 | 344 | |
| Mean (SD) | 136.5 (5.97) | 136.6 (6.52) | 136.6 (6.31) | |
| Median | 136 | 137 | 137 | |
| Range | 120.0–159.0 | 113.0–165.0 | 113.0–165.0 | |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 0.2601a | |||
| N | 128 | 216 | 344 | |
| Mean (SD) | 4.1 (0.88) | 4.2 (0.75) | 4.2 (0.80) | |
| Median | 4 | 4.1 | 4.1 | |
| Range | 2.5–8.4 | 2.4–7.3 | 2.4–8.4 | |
| Creatinine (mg/dl), baseline | 0.1310a | |||
| N | 128 | 216 | 344 | |
| Mean (SD) | 1.6 (1.55) | 1.4 (1.44) | 1.5 (1.48) | |
| Median | 1.1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Range | 0.4–9.9 | 0.3–10.5 | 0.3–10.5 | |
| Calcium (mg/dl) | 0.2669a | |||
| N | 114 | 188 | 302 | |
| Mean (SD) | 8.0 (0.99) | 7.8 (0.96) | 7.9 (0.97) | |
| Median | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.9 | |
| Range | 4.9–11.2 | 5.2–11.8 | 4.9–11.8 | |
| Magnesium (mg/dl) | 0.1715a | |||
| N | 128 | 213 | 341 | |
| Mean (SD) | 1.9 (0.45) | 1.9 (0.50) | 1.9 (0.48) | |
| Median | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.9 | |
| Range | 0.5–4.4 | 0.8–4.8 | 0.5–4.8 | |
| Phosphorus (mg/dl) | 0.0920a | |||
| N | 127 | 212 | 339 | |
| Mean (SD) | 4.1 (2.12) | 4.4 (1.99) | 4.3 (2.04) | |
| Median | 3.4 | 4 | 3.8 | |
| Range | 1.6–11.2 | 1.0–12.0 | 1.0–12.0 |
BMI, body mass index; BPM, breaths per minute; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; ICU, intensive care unit; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment.
a
Kruskal–Wallis P value.
b
Chi-squared P value.