Table 2. Means and standard deviations of the Educational Stress Scale for Adolescents (ESSA) scores: the total score, sub-total scores for five individual domains, and scores for the 16 individual questions (n=341).
| Baseline | Follow-up | P | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | 95% CI | Mean | SD | 95% CI | ||
| Total ESSA | 46.4 | 7.6 | (45.6, 47.2) | 53.5 | 10.8 | (52.3, 54.6) | <0.001 |
| Pressure from study | 10.1 | 2.8 | (9.7, 10.4) | 12.7 | 3.4 | (12.3, 13.0) | <0.001 |
| 4. Future education and employment bring me a lot of academic pressure | 2.5 | 1.1 | (2.4, 2.6) | 3.6 | 1.1 | (3.5, 3.7) | <0.001 |
| 5. My parents care about my academic grades too much, which brings me a lot of pressure | 2.8 | 1.2 | (2.7, 2.9) | 3.0 | 1.2 | (2.9, 3.1) | 0.029 |
| 6. I feel a lot of pressure in my daily studying | 2.5 | 1.0 | (2.4, 2.6) | 3.2 | 1.2 | (3.1, 3.4) | <0.001 |
| 11. There is too much competition among classmates which brings me a lot of academic pressure | 2.3 | 1.0 | (2.2, 2.4) | 2.8 | 1.1 | (2.7, 2.9) | <0.001 |
| Worry about grades | 11.5 | 2.2 | (11.3, 11.8) | 11.1 | 2.6 | (10.8, 11.4) | 0.008 |
| 8. Academic grades are very important to my future and even can determine my whole life | 4.2 | 1.0 | (4.1, 4.3) | 4.0 | 1.1 | (3.9, 4.2) | 0.060 |
| 9. I feel that I have disappointed my parents when my test/exam results are poor | 3.8 | 1.1 | (3.7, 3.9) | 3.7 | 1.1 | (3.6, 3.8) | 0.078 |
| 10. I feel that I have disappointed my teacher when my test/exam results are not ideal | 3.5 | 1.1 | (3.4, 3.6) | 3.4 | 1.1 | (3.2, 3.5) | 0.026 |
| Despondency | 8.0 | 2.4 | (7.7, 8.2) | 9.6 | 2.8 | (9.3, 9.9) | <0.001 |
| 1. I am very dissatisfied with my academic grades | 2.9 | 1.3 | (2.8, 3.0) | 3.2 | 1.2 | (3.1, 3.3) | <0.001 |
| 12. I always lack confidence in my academic scores | 2.8 | 1.1 | (2.7, 2.9) | 3.3 | 1.1 | (3.2, 3.4) | <0.001 |
| 13. It is very difficult to concentrate during class | 2.3 | 0.9 | (2.2, 2.4) | 3.2 | 1.2 | (3.0, 3.3) | <0.001 |
| Self−expectation | 8.8 | 2.5 | (8.6, 9.1) | 10.3 | 2.9 | (10.0, 10.6) | <0.001 |
| 14. I feel stressed when I do not live up to my own standards | 3.1 | 1.1 | (3.0, 3.2) | 3.7 | 1.1 | (3.6, 3.8) | <0.001 |
| 15. When I fail to live up my own expectations, I feel that I am not good enough | 3.1 | 1.2 | (3.0, 3.2) | 3.5 | 1.2 | (3.4, 3.6) | <0.001 |
| 16. I usually cannot sleep because of worry when I cannot meet the goals that I set for myself | 2.6 | 1.2 | (2.5, 2.8) | 3.1 | 1.2 | (3.0, 3.2) | <0.001 |
| Workload | 8.1 | 2.4 | (7.8, 8.3) | 9.8 | 2.9 | (9.5, 10.1) | <0.001 |
| 2. I feel that there is too much schoolwork | 2.8 | 1.1 | (2.7, 2.9) | 3.3 | 1.1 | (3.2, 3.4) | <0.001 |
| 3. I feel there is too much homework | 2.3 | 0.9 | (2.2, 2.4) | 3.2 | 1.1 | (3.1, 3.3) | <0.001 |
| 7. I feel that there are too many tests/exams in school | 3.0 | 1.2 | (2.8, 3.1) | 3.3 | 1.1 | (3.1, 3.4) | <0.001 |
SD: standard deviation; p: p for paired-sample t-test, 95% CI: 95% confidence interval for mean.