Table 3. Univariate associations between perceived academic stress at follow-up and family sociodemographic, study-related, lifestyle, and perceived parental attitude variables at baseline, univariate linear regression analysis (n=341).
| Baseline characteristics | Overall academic stress | Pressure from study | Worry about grades | Despondency | Self-expectation | Workload |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
| Sociodemographic | ||||||
| Gender (male) | −2.43 (−4.73, −0.13)* | −0.20 (−0.93, 0.54) | −0.62 (−1.16, −0.08)* | −0.26 (−0.86, 0.34) | −0.59 (−1.20, 0.02) | −0.77 (−1.38, −0.15)* |
| Number of siblings | 1.60 (0.30, 2.90)* | 0.42 (0.01, 0.84)* | 0.06 (−0.25, 0.37) | 0.25 (−0.09, 0.59) | 0.24 (−0.11, 0.59) | 0.63 (0.29, 0.98)*** |
| Father’s educational level (high) | 1.93 (−0.39, 4.25) | 0.30 (−0.44, 1.03) | 0.36 (−0.18, 0.91) | 0.45 (−0.15, 1.05) | 0.38 (−0.24, 1.00) | 0.44 (−0.18, 1.06) |
| Mother’s educational level (high) | 0.47 (−1.85, 2.79) | 0.28 (−0.46, 1.01) | −0.09 (−0.64, 0.45) | 0.01 (−0.60, 0.61) | 0.30 (−0.32, 0.91) | −0.01 (−0.63, 0.61) |
| Study-related | ||||||
| Academic scores | −1.45 (−2.66, −0.24)* | −0.41 (−0.80, −0.03)* | −0.17 (−0.45, 0.12) | −0.88 (−1.18, −0.58)*** | −0.10 (−0.42, 0.23) | 0.11 (−0.21, 0.44) |
| Attend extra classes (yes) | 3.09 (−1.18, 7.36) | 1.20 (−0.15, 2.55) | 0.49 (−0.52, 1.49) | 0.58 (−0.53, 1.68) | 0.20 (−0.94, 1.34) | 0.63 (−0.51, 1.77) |
| Private tutoring (yes) | −0.02 (−2.98, 2.94) | 0.28 (−0.66, 1.22) | −0.17 (−0.87, 0.53) | −0.14 (−0.90, 0.63) | −0.11 (−0.90, 0.68) | 0.11 (−0.68, 0.90) |
| Lifestyle | ||||||
| Physical activity (3 days or more) | −0.40 (−2.77, 1.98) | 0.18 (−0.57, 0.93) | −0.25 (−0.81, 0.31) | −0.08 (−0.70, 0.53) | −0.16 (−0.79, 0.47) | −0.08 (−0.72, 0.55) |
| Hours of sleep (8 and more) | −3.44 (−7.01, 0.14) | −0.92 (−2.06, 0.21) | −0.40 (−1.24, 0.45) | −1.26 (−2.18, −0.34)** | −0.42 (−1.37, 0.54) | −0.45 (−1.41, 0.51) |
| Perceived parental attitude | ||||||
| Parental acceptance | 0.27 (−0.89, 1.43) | −0.11 (−0.48, 0.26) | 0.10 (−0.18, 0.37) | 0.07 (−0.23, 0.37) | 0.01 (−0.30, 0.32) | 0.21 (−0.10, 0.52) |
| Parental concentration | 1.26 (0.11, 2.41)* | 0.37 (0.00, 0.73)* | 0.29 (0.02, 0.56)* | 0.32 (0.02, 0.62)* | 0.23 (−0.08, 0.53) | 0.06 (−0.25, 0.37) |
β: beta coefficient; CI: confidence interval; *P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001.