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. 2024 Sep 17;11:1421959. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1421959

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Copyright © 2024 Baig, Karade, Ahmad, Khan, Haque, Webster, Faiyazuddin and Al-Qahtani.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Various methods of preparation of Lipid Nanoparticles (LNPs), including (A) high-pressure homogenization, (B) high shear homogenization, (C) ultrasonication, (D) membrane contractor method, (E) solvent emulsification and evaporation, (F) supercritical fluid technology, (G) adapted phase inversion temperature (PIT) method [figure adopted from (Graván et al., 2023)] (These methods enable the production of LNPs with tailored characteristics for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications).