Table 7.

Preclinical studies related to anti-inflammatory effects of EPCs

Authors	EPC phenotype	Dosage	Method	Experimental model	Condition	Effects	Refs.
Bai et al.	ECFC	10 μg/100 g (exosomes weight/mice weight) every three days for two weeks.	Intravenous	Mice	Atherosclerosis	↓ inflammatory response	102
Zhou et al.	ECFC	EPC-derived exosomes	intratracheal	Mice	Acute lung injury	↓cytokine and protein concentrations	109
Wang et al.	Cultured EPCs	1 ml EPC-conditioned media	intraperitoneal	Rat	Spinal cord injuries	↓ M1 macrophage and IL- 6	118
Shoeibi et al.	ECFC	4 × 106 EPCs	Intravenous	Rabbit	Atherosclerosis	↓ infiltration of inflammatory elements	124
Hinkel et al.	CD34+/CD133+	5 × 106 EPCs or 15 mg EPC-derived thymosin B4	Intravenous	Pig	Acute myocardial infarction	↓ post-ischemic inflammatory responses, causing cardioprotection	125
Schuh et al.	CD34+/CD133+	1 × 106 EPCs	Intramyocardial	Rat	Chronic myocardial infarction	↓ macrophage/neutrophil infiltration	126
Mena et al.	CD34+/CD133+	1 × 105 EPCs	Intravenous	Node mice	Hind limb ischemia	↓ Inflammatory reactions	130
Penack et al.	CD34+/CD133+	1 × 106 EPCs	Intravenous	Murine	GVHD	↑ anti-inflammatory effects and mobilization, ↓ monocyte infiltration	132
Cho et al.	CD34+/CD133+	3 × 106 EPCs	Intravenous	Rabbit	Balloon-mediated arterial injury	↓ inflammatory cells recruitment	133
Mao et al.	Cultured EPCs	5 × 106 EPCs	Intravenous	Rat	Acute lung injury	↓TNF-α, IL-1β, neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase, and MMP-9,	134
Rafat et al.	CD34+/CD133+	1 × 106 EPCs	Intravenous	Mice	Acute respiratory distress syndrome	↓ infiltration of inflammatory cells and restenosis	135
Guo et al.	CD34+/CD133+	3 × 106 EPCs	Intravenous	Rat	Glomerulonephritis	↓ inflammatory response	136
Huang et al.	CD34+/CD133+	1 × 106 EPCs	Intra-arterial	Rat	Chronic kidney disease	↓TNF-α and MMP-9	138
Kim et al.	ECFC	6 × 106 EPCs	Intracardial	Balb/c nude mice	Hind limb ischemia	↓instant blood-mediated inflammatory reactions	139
Moubarik et al.	ECFC	4 × 106 EPCs	Intravenous	Rat	tMCAO	↑ IGF-1, ↓ proBDNF,	140
Acosta et al.	CD34+/CD133+	3 × 105 EPCs	Intracerebral	Mice	Inflammation-associated stroke vasculome	modulation of inflammation-related genes, including Brahma, NF-κB inhibitors, ITIH-5, and Foxf1	141
Zhang et al.	CD34+/CD133+	5 × 106 EPCs	Intravenous	Rat	Intracerebral hemorrhage	↓proinflammatory factors (IFN-γ, IL-6, and TNFα) and ↑ anti-inflammatory agents (TGFβ1 and IL-10)	142