TABLE 1.
Cognitive performance outcomes.
| Time point | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | Baseline | R1 Pre | R1 Post | R2 Post | P‐value |
| Stroop incongruent correct (%) | |||||
|
PLA KME |
93.9 ± 5.1 93.5 ± 5.3 |
91.2 ± 4.6 92.6 ± 4.2 |
89.5 ± 6.0 90.3 ± 4.0 |
91.1 ± 4.7 91.7 ± 4.9 |
Time, P = 0.006 Condition, P = 0.471 Interaction, P = 0.660 |
| Stroop incongruent correct RT (ms) | |||||
|
PLA KME |
741.7 ± 146.9 735.7 ± 98.4 |
683.5 ± 108.4 698.2 ± 99.6 |
718.9 ± 111.2 688.0 ± 131.5 |
700.7 ± 112.3 659.6 ± 94.1 |
Time, P = 0.002 Condition, P = 0.409 Interaction, P = 0.288 |
| Stroop interference score | |||||
|
PLA KME |
24.05 ± 6.1 23.3 ± 6.5 |
25.51 ± 5.8 23.45 ± 4.7 |
22.06 ± 6.3 24.44 ± 6.6 |
24.03 ± 7.2 26.52 ± 6.1 |
Time, P = 0.19 Condition, P = 0.63 Interaction, P = 0.06 |
| DANA CSD correct RT (ms) | |||||
|
PLA KME |
969.8 ± 241.2 994.6 ± 169.5 |
978.7 ± 245.0 1008.3 ± 276.7 |
985.6 ± 152.9 932.0 ± 200.7 |
933.1 ± 205.6 948.6 ± 118.7 |
Time, P = 0.26 Condition, P = 0.68 Interaction, P = 0.54 |
| DANA CSD efficiency (correct response/min) | |||||
|
PLA KME |
57.3 ± 14.1 60.6 ± 11.0 |
56.1 ± 12.8 54.3 ± 13.6 |
56.6 ± 12.7 55.7 ± 15.2 |
60.0 ± 11.7 60.1 ± 9.2 |
Time, P = 0.20 Condition, P = 0.84 Interaction, P = 0.50 |
| DANA CSS correct RT (ms) | |||||
|
PLA KME |
1146.4 ± 197.4 1186.1 ± 307.8 |
1117.2 ± 171.4 1134.0 ± 197.2 |
1140.2 ± 201.6 1118.2 ± 222.7 |
1055.7 ± 156.7 1074.8 ± 176.1 |
Time, P = 0.01 Condition, P = 0.71 Interaction, P = 0.53 |
| DANA CSS efficiency (correct response/min) | |||||
|
PLA KME |
53.05 ± 9.0 52.63 ± 12.5 |
53.30 ± 7.2 52.93 ± 8.9 |
52.71 ± 8.7 53.99 ± 10.0 |
56.18 ± 7.2 55.35 ± 8.6 |
Time. P = 0.04 Condition, P = 0.96 Interaction, P = 0.72 |
| VirTra correct RT (ms) | |||||
| PLA | 1.29 ± 0.07 | – | 1.27 ± 0.07 | 1.30 ± 0.05 | Time, P = 0.08 |
| KME | 1.29 ± 0.07 | – | 1.25 ± 0.06 | 1.27 ± 0.07 |
Condition, P = 0.26 Interaction, P = 0.19 |
| VirTra correct RT (#) | |||||
|
PLA |
23.68 ± 7.9 |
– |
27.0 ± 9.8 |
26.87 ± 8.1 |
Time, P = 0.003 |
|
KME |
22.12 ± 6.3 |
– |
27.75 ± 7.5 |
25.06 ± 9.0 |
Condition, P = 0.59 Interaction, P = 0.55 |
Note: Data are presented as the mean ± SD, n = 16. Baseline was taken as −150 min before the start of exercise; see Figure 1 for more details.
Abbreviations: CSD, Code Substitution Delayed; CSS, Code Substitution Simultaneous; DANA, Defense Automated Neurobehavioral Assessment; KME, ketone monoester; PLA, placebo; RT, reaction time.