Table 2.
In vitro studies
| Authors name | Year | Source of cells | Analyze | Method synthesis | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [15] | Bisht, S | 2007 | human pancreatic cancer cell | dynamic laser light scattering and TEM | |
| [16] | Lim, K.J., et al | 2011 | embryonal tumor-derived lines DAOY and D283Med, glioblastoma neurosphere lines HSR-GBM1 and JHH -GBM14 | ||
| [17] | Prasanth, R | 2011 | nasopharyngeal cancer cells | AFM | |
| [13] | Nair, K.L., et | 2012 | human epithelial cervical cancer cells (HeLa) | MTT, Annexin V/propidium iodide staining, cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and reduction of clonogenic capacity | |
| [14] | Milano, F., et | 2013 | esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) | ||
| [12] | Basniwal, R.K | 2014 | |||
| [18] | Chaudhari, P.D | 2015 | breast cancer cell line culture, MCF-7 | DSC, XRD, and TEM analyses were conducted. A study conducted in living organisms showed higher bioavailability in Wistar rats than in unprocessed curcumin, as determined by HPLC. Additionally, an MT assay was performed | |
| [19] | Dhivya, R. et al., | 2015 | breast cancer cell line culture, MCF-7 | DSC. XRD. TEM. In vivo, the study revealed increased bio-availability in Wistar rats compared to raw Curcumin by HPLC. MT assay | |
| [20] | Hossain, D.M., et al | 2015 | breast cancer | ||
| [21] | Hu, B., et | 2015 | human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) | ||
| [22] | Pillai, J.J., et | 2015 | The MTT assay depicted a high amount of cytotoxicity of PPF nanocurcumin in HeLa cells | Characterized by FT-IR and 1H-NMR techniques. TEM and DLS. DCS. The MTT AO/EB staining, DAPI staining, and clonogenic | |
| [23] | Xie, M. et | 2015 | Colorectal cancer cells (HCT116) | ||
| [24] | Chamani, F., et | 2016 | Hepatocellular carcinomaHCC cell lines, HepG2 and Huh7 | .MTT, PCR | |
| [25] | Keshavarz, R., et al | 2016 | Glioblastoma | PCR Annexin-V-FLUOS staining followed by flow cytometry and real-time | |
| [26] | Khan, M.A., et al | 2016 | Cervical cancer line SiHa, HeLa, CasKi, and C33A | (TEM), (DLS), HPLC, MALDI-TOF, FT-IR, XRD and UV–vis.Cell metabolic assay by MTT.Detection of apoptosis by DAP | tripolyphosphate (TPP) cross-linking method. drug entrapment efficiency was ≈85% |
| [27] | Khosropanah, M.H., et al | 2016 | Human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MDA-MB231) | MTT) and dye exclusion assay. TEM(particle diameter was between 150 to 200 nm) | selfassembly |
| [28] | Paunovic, V., et al | 2016 | U251 glioma, B16 melanoma, and H460 lung cancer cells | Photoexcited nanocurcumin can trigger apoptosis independent of oxidative stress but relies on JNK and caspase pathways | tetrahydrofuran/water solvent exchange, |
| [29] | Aldahoun, M.A., et al | 2017 | Prostate cancer cell line (PC3) | Nanocurcumin combined with the magnetic field (NANOCUR-MF) and control against PC3 was 35.93%, which is three times higher compared to curcumin combined with the magnetic field (CUR-MF) | Magnetic field |
| [30] | Dash, T.K. and VSB | 2017 | COLO205 cells | hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) | |
| [31] | Mahjoub, M.A., et al | 2017 | MDA-MB-231 metastatic breast cancer cells | qRT-PCR. MTT assay, Annexin V-FITC staining. lowcytomety and wound healing assay | |
| [32] | Mishra, D. et al., | 2017 | Breast cancer cell line (GILM2) | SEM.DLS | |
| [33] | Athira, G.K., | 2018 | Anti-cancer potential to HeLa cells | FTIR), (SEM), (TEM), (DLS), (AFM), (XRD) | wet grinding method |
| [34] | Bagheri, R., Z. Sanaat, and N. Zarghami | 2018 | SW480 Colorectal Cancer Cell Line | (SEM) and FTIR Spectroscopy. MTT. qRT-PCR method | |
| [35] | Baghi, N., et al | 2018 | MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells | MTT. real-time PCR. on DNC-related cytotoxicity. Annexin-V/PI staining followed by flow cytometry and wound healing assay | |
| [36] | Hashemzehi, M., et al | 2018 | Human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 | qRT-PCR and Western blotting. (MDA), (SOD), (CAT), (T-SH) | |
| [37] | Hosseini, S., et al | 2018 | Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (KYSE-30) | ||
| [38] | Nguyen, N.T., et al | 2018 | MCF-7 breast cancer cell | (FT-IR). (TEM), DLS. Via HPLC along with AES-ICP to evaluate the high drug loading | |
| [39] | Shariati, M., et al | 2018 | Hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (Huh7) | MTT. RT-PCR | |
| [40] | Srivastava, S., et al | 2018 | OCC(oral cancer cells) | Employing homogenization with high-energy sonication | |
| [41] | Dang, L.H., et al., | 2019 | Transmission electron microscopy, variable UV–visible spectrophotometry, as well as fluorescence spectroscopy, DLS | Ultrasonication to control the self-assembly of phosphocasein | |
| [42] | Harini, L., et al., | 2019 | Breast cancer (MCF-7) cells | WST | Maximum of 23 µM was released from CUR-MSNAP at 96 h. CUR-MSNAP released 13 µM of drug, and then a sustained pattern of release was observed till 96 h |
| [43] | Hosseini, S., et al | 2019 | Breast cancer cells (MCF7) | MTT. PCR | |
| [44] | Seyed Hosseini, E., et al | 2019 |
Ovarian cancer OVCAR3 SKOV3 |
MTT assay and flow cytometry. real-time PCR | |
| [45] | Yang, R. et al | 2019 | MCF-7 cancer cells | Western blot.MTT. fluorescent image | The release of cumulative amounts of CUR after 72 h at pH 5.0 (58.2%) was also significantly higher than that at pH 7.0 (16.0%) |
| [46] | Cheng, T. et al | 2020 | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. PDAC. Cell line 399. T3M4, MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 | SEM, fluorescence microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and HPLC.MTT | |
| [47] | Hanna, D.H. and G.R. Saad, | 2020 | Human Hep-2 cancer cells | Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, TEM, X-ray diffraction, and zeta potential analysis. Neutral red uptake.Flow cytometry. Real-time PCR. Annexin V/PI staining assay. LDH). AO/EB staining assay. Comet assay.Cell cycle arrest | sol-oil method |
| [48] | Kuo, I.M., et al | 2020 | CT26 colon cancer | Annexin V–fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) apoptosis detection (BD Biosciences).flow cytometer.Western blot. direct immunofluorescence | |
| [49] | Pandit, A.H., et al | 2020 | SUM149 human breast cancer |
Zeta potential DLC, TEM, XTT assay Fluorescent microscopy Xenograft tumor growth assay |
|
| [50] | Ghaderi, S., et al | 2021 | OVCAR-3 cells | Real-time PCR and western blotting | |
| [51] | Sadoughi, A., et al | 2021 | MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells &human fibroblast cells | Spectrophotometry, SEM, MTT, and Annexin V.real-time PCR | |
| [52] | Wozniak, M. et al., | 2021 | Melanoma (MugMel2), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-25), and normal human keratinocytes (HaCaT) cell lines | MTT, healing assay, flow cytometry, and immunocytochemistry | |
| [53] | Alam, J., et al., | 2022 | Gastric cancer AGS. PI/Cyto9 staining | MTT.HPLC.flow cytometry | |
| [54] | Atia, MM, et al | 2022 | Hepatic cancer HepG2 and Huh-seven cancer cell | TEM.DLS.Acridine orange/ethidium bromide (EB/AO) assays.Animal experiments and treatments.Western blot analysis.RT-PCR | |
| [55] | Essawy, M.M., et al., | 2022 | Oral cancer squamous cell carcinoma cell line |
Wound closure autofluorescence |
|
| [56] | Mohammadi, H., et al | 2022 | HT29 and Hct116 Colon Cancer Cell Lines | ||
| [57] | Mukherjee, D., et al | 2022 | Oral Squamous Cancer Cells. KB 3–1 cell) | Oral Squamous Cancer Cells. KB 3–1 cell) | |
| [58] | Sadeghi, R.V., et al | 2022 | Human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa cell line RRID: CVCL_003 | MTT assay and flow cytometry real-time RT-PCR and western blot | |
| [59] | Krishnaveni P, et al | 2023 | DAL, A72 and HT29 | Cell block technique, AO/PI staining, TUNEL assay, immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence, and Real-time PCR. AO/PI staining and TUNEL assay | |
| [60] | Moawad, Mahmoud, et al | 2023 | Hep-G2 | (qRT-PCR), flow cytometry | Ball milling |
| [61] | Subandi, Subandi, and Sigit Purbadi Purbadi S | 2023 | BeWo choriocarcinoma cell line (ATCC CCL-98) | Real-Time PCR, flow cytometry | |
| [62] | Seyed Hosseini, Elahe, et al | 2023 | SKOV3 and OVCAR3 | Real-time PCR and Western blot | |
| [63] | Viraaj, V., et al | 2023 | KB-3–1 Cell line, oral cancer | AO assay, MTT Assay, Trypan blue assay (TB assay), Haemolytic assay | solvent-antisolvent method |
| Authors name | Year | Carrier | Gen | Cellular result | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [15] | Bisht, S | 2007 | N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAAM) co-polymers, along with N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (VP) and poly(ethylene glycol)monoacrylate (PEG-A), are used in various applications | Triggering cell death, preventing NFκB activation, and reducing baseline levels of various inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα | |||
| [16] | Lim, K.J., et al | 2011 |
Combination of G 2/M arrest and apoptotic induction Downregulation of the insulin-like growth factor pathway in DAOY medulloblastoma cells. Levels of STAT3 were also attenuated |
||||
| [17] | Prasanth, R | 2011 | |||||
| [13] | Nair, K.L., et | 2012 | Two PLGA combinations, 50:50 and 75:25, with varying ratios of lactide to glycolide, were utilized | ||||
| [14] | Milano, F., et | 2013 | Colloidal nanoparticles, named Theracurmin | Up-regulated the expression of the co-stimulatory molecule CD86 in DCs | Basic levels of T cell-induced cytotoxicity of 6.4 and 4.1% increased to 15 and 13%, respectively | ||
| [12] | Basniwal, R.K | 2014 | Nanoparticles r2–40 nm and aqueous solubility of up to a maximum of 3 mg/mL | ||||
| [18] | Chaudhari, P.D | 2015 | Curcumin was formed into a stable microdispersion through melt granulation with Gelucire® 50/13, a hydrophilic carrier, and subsequent adsorption onto Aeroperl® 300 Pharma | ||||
| [19] | Dhivya, R. et al., | 2015 | Nanocomposite of Curcumin with ZnO nanoparticle. The average particle size of ZnO nanoparticle and nanocomposite from XRD was 21.44 nm and 24.66 nm, respectively. Nanocomposite was found to have a narrow particle size of 53 nm | ||||
| [20] | Hossain, D.M., et al | 2015 | FoxP3 | ||||
| [21] | Hu, B., et | 2015 | Polymeric nanoparticle formulation of Curcumin (NFC) | NFC and sorafenib synergistically down-regulated the expression of MMP9 via NF-κB/p65 signaling pathway | Decreased the population of CD133-positive HCC cells | ||
| [22] | Pillai, J.J., et | 2015 | Nanoparticles of PLGA-PEG co-polymer, which were conjugated with folic acid (PPF co-polymer) | ||||
| [23] | Xie, M. et | 2015 | Cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase. CM NPs exhibited reduced cytotoxicity on normal cells (NCM460) compared to CM-DMSO and 5-Fu | ||||
| [24] | Chamani, F., et | 2016 | Dendrosomal nanocurcumin (DNC) | mir-34 family and DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1, DNMT3A and 3B) | |||
| [25] | Keshavarz, R., et al | 2016 | Dendrosomal curcumin (DNC) | Enhanced expression of GADD45 and a reduced expression of NF-κB and c-Myc | Enhance the number of apoptotic cells (90%) compared with their application alone (15% and38% for p53 overexpression and DNC, respectively) | ||
| [26] | Khan, M.A., et al | 2016 | Chitosan nanoparticles (CsNPs) | ||||
| [27] | Khosropanah, M.H., et al | 2016 | Myristic acid-chitosan (MA-chitosan) nanogels | ||||
| [28] | Paunovic, V., et al | 2016 | Curcumin nanoparticles. size of curcumin nanocrystals was approximately 250 nm | Mitochondrial depolarization, caspase-3 activation, and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, indicating apoptotic cell death | |||
| [29] | Aldahoun, M.A., et al | 2017 | The IC50 of nanocurcumin in combination with the magnetic field (NANOCUR-MF) and the control group against PC3 was 35.93%, which was three times higher than curcumin combined with the magnetic field (CUR-MF), at 10.77%. However, their E% against HEK was insignificant, with 1.4% for NANOCUR-MF and 1.95% for CUR-MF | ||||
| [30] | Dash, T.K. and VSB | 2017 | Optimizing organic solvent selection through freeze-drying enhanced encapsulation efficiency (60%) and a particle size of approximately 40 nm when acetone was used in PVA-stabilized dispersion | Curcumin reversed DOX resistance in COLO205 cells at low concentrations, and the presence of PVA enhanced curcumin encapsulation in HP-β-CD. Further, it was observed that prepared HP-β-CD-encapsulated Curcumin is equi-efficacious to nano-dispersed curcumin | |||
| [31] | Mahjoub, M.A., et al | 2017 | Dendrosomal nanocurcumin | CXCL12/CXCR4 axis and Hedgehog pathway genes | Lowcytomety and wound healing assay | ||
| [32] | Mishra, D. et al., | 2017 | Silk fibroin, also known as SF, has an average diameter of 127.7 ± 6.8 nm and exhibits a bimodal distribution, with most particles ranging between 70 and 110 nm | Initial burst release within the first 24 h and continued release up to 7 days | |||
| [33] | Athira, G.K., | 2018 | octenyl succinylated cassava starch-curcumin < 50 nm | C max of nanocurcumin (110.89 ± 0.921 ng/ml) was significantly higher when compared to that of native curcumin (82.94 ± 1.128 ng/ml) | |||
| [34] | Bagheri, R., Z. Sanaat, and N. Zarghami | 2018 | PLGA-PEG nanoparticles | telomerase gene.hTERT | |||
| [35] | Baghi, N., et al | 2018 | Dendrosomal nanocurcumin | p53.EMT- ZEB1 and BMI1 | When p53 overexpression and DNC are combined in treatment, the percentage of apoptotic cells significantly increases to 92%. Cells treated with a p53-expressing vector enhance 38%, while those treated with DNC enhance to 86% | ||
| [36] | Hashemzehi, M., et al | 2018 | Phytosomal-encapsulated | CyclinD1,GSK3a/b, P-AMPK, MMP9, and E-cadherin | Phytosomal-curcumin inhibits cell growth and movement triggered by thrombin via AMP-Kinase in breast cancer | ||
| [37] | Hosseini, S., et al | 2018 | nano-micelle | Cyclin D1 | Cell proliferation in the KYSE-30 cell line decreased by 71.09%, a more significant reduction than Paclitaxel (61.30%) and Carboplatin (62.32%). The IC50 of nano-curcumin in KYSE-30 was notably lower at 1.87 mg/mL compared to free drugs (Paclitaxel 7.5 mg/mL and Carboplatin 40 mg/mL) in KYSE-30 and nano-curcumin (10 mg/mL) in normal cells | ||
| [38] | Nguyen, N.T., et al | 2018 | (nanogel)thermosensitive co-polymer heparin-Pluronic F127 (Hep-F127) co-delivering cisplatin (CDDP) and curcumins (Cur) (Hep-F127/CDDP/Cur).size:129.3 ± 3.8 nm | The IC50 concentrations of each formulation showed that 100 ppm of Hep-F127/Cur resulted in a 63.10 ± 1.91% reduction in cell growth. Treatment with Hep-F127/CDDP led to cell inhibition of 88.57 ± 1.38%, while Hep-F127/Cur/CDDP treatment resulted in a notable 95.32 ± 2.57% inhibition | |||
| [39] | Shariati, M., et al | 2018 | Smad3 and E2F1. Smad7 | The best results were obtained from 72 h of experiments with 12.5 µM IC50 | |||
| [40] | Srivastava, S., et al | 2018 | up to 200 nm | Blc2, and Bax | IC (50) value for growth inhibition was calculated as 47.89 and 26.19 μg/ml, respectively, for nano-CU and nano-FU | ||
| [41] | Dang, L.H., et al., | 2019 | Micelles based on cationic amphiphilic block co-polymer | ||||
| [42] | Harini, L., et al., | 2019 | Non-spherical mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNAs) | Activation of caspase 9, 6, 12, PARP, CHOP, and PTEN. protein Akt1 | MSNAP causes more effective cell death at 30 µM curcumin than free curcumin. PEI-coated MSNA increased drug loading to 80%. The LD50 of MCM-41P was ten µg/mL, whereas the LD50 of MSNAP was 80 µg/mL | ||
| [43] | Hosseini, S., et al | 2019 | Nano-micelle | cyclinD1 | Nano-curcumin decreased cell proliferation by 83.6%; at a curcumin concentration of 162.87 mmol/L, cell viability reduced to 16% | ||
| [44] | Seyed Hosseini, E., et al | 2019 | Dendrosomal nanocurcumin | LSINCT5. ABO73614 | CCAT2. ANRIL. BC200. FAL1. MALAT1. XIST. OVAAL. GAPDH | The DNC treatment showed an inhibitory effect at a 0.088-fold rate. The IC50 of DNC for SKOV3 cells was 25 μM at 24 h, reduced to 22 μM at 48 h, and decreased to 17.5 μM at 72 h. The concentrations were 20 μM at 24 h, 15 μM at 48 h, and ten μM at 72 h | |
| [45] | Yang, R. et al | 2019 | A coral shaped nano-transporter DNA-FeS (2)-DA | PKM2 and FASN |
Without NIR:CUR IC50 = 250.6 μg·mL−1), CUR@DNA-FeS2-DA (IC50 = 222.0 μg·mL−1) with NIR:CUR@DNA-FeS2-DA (IC50 = 114.4 μg·mL−1). CUR (IC50 = 229.3 μg·mL−1) |
||
| [46] | Cheng, T. et al | 2020 | Curcumin/gelatin-blended nanofibrous |
p-STAT3 Bip/PERK/elf2a |
The colony number dropped by around 60% in the group that received a conditioned Cc/Glt NM (CM-Cc/Glt NM) medium. In comparison, DMEM vs. CM-Glt NM vs. CM-Cc/Glt NM showed 75.2 ± 7.7, 77.2 ± 13.3, and 29.6 ± 6.5, respectively | ||
| [47] | Hanna, D.H. and G.R. Saad, | 2020 | 28 nm | P53, Bax, and Caspase-3, Bcl-XL | An IC50 value of 17 ± 0.31 μg ml − 1 was achieved after 48 h. This resulted in cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and a rise in apoptotic cells in the sub-G1 phase | ||
| [48] | Kuo, I.M., et al | 2020 | Cyclin D1 and Cyclin A.Hsp70 | The IC50 values for curcumin, resveratrol, and their combined treatment on CT26 cells were determined to be 26.76 ± 1.06 and 88.76 ± 1.07 μM | |||
| [49] | Pandit, A.H., et al | 2020 | The size of nanocurcumin was < 100 nm | ||||
| [50] | Ghaderi, S., et al | 2021 | BAX/Bcl-2 | ||||
| [51] | Sadoughi, A., et al | 2021 | Tri-polyphosphate chitosan nanoparticles 48 nm | TP53. VEGF | IC50 of nano Cur-chitosan-TPP vs free curcumin 15 μg/mL at 72 h vs 20 μg/mL at 48 h. led to an induction of apoptosis (79.93%) and cell cycle arrest (at S and G2M) | ||
| [52] | Wozniak, M. et al., | 2021 | All subsequent biological studies chose curcumin in the concentration of 10 μM | Flow cytometry: The combination of liposomal Curcumin and PDT increased apoptosis to 40% and 30% in SCC-25 and MUG-Mel2 | |||
| [53] | Alam, J., et al., | 2022 | Emulsifier TPGS1000 in the PLGA based formulationCurcumin loaded diameter of ~ 175 nm, | Nano-curcumin significantly increased the inhibition rate from 7 to 69% after 24 h, from 11 to 87% after 48 h, and from 16 to 97% after 72 h. The IC50 values for Curcumin and Nano-curcumin were 24.20 µM and 18.78 µM, respectively, after 72 h. The sub-G0 population rose from 4.1% in the control group to 24.5% and 57.8% when treated with curcumin and nano-curcumin, respectively | |||
| [54] | Atia, MM, et al | 2022 |
YP2E1, P53, cleaved caspase-3, and COL1A1 |
Curcumin was reduced by 44.95% and 62.36%, respectively, while Niacin Curcumin was reduced by 66.21% and 47.85% compared to the AC group. Cleaved caspase-3 Niacin Curcumin showed a 57.5% reduction compared to the AC group. Retreatment with curcumin led to a 49.67% reduction in expression, and Niacin Curcumin was reduced by 65.29% compared to AC-treated mice | |||
| [55] | Essawy, M.M., et al., | 2022 | The 60.8 µg/mL concentration was more effective in inhibiting the migration of cancer cells by 25% compared to the native curcumin particle concentration of 212.4 µg/mL | ||||
| [56] | Mohammadi, H., et al | 2022 | Nano-micelle | IC50 values of Nanocurcumin in HT29, HCT116, and HGF were 70.63, 123.9, and 168.53 μg/ml, respectively | |||
| [57] | Mukherjee, D., et al | 2022 | NC ~ 200 nm size | The nano-curcumin IC50 for the HeLa cell line after 48 h was approximately 15 μM. Flow cytometry data indicated a 46.5% result | |||
| [58] | Sadeghi, R.V., et al | 2022 | Oleic acid-derived dendrosome nano-carrier( OA400 Nanoparticle) | E6, E7, P53, and Rb mRNA | The IC50 value of nano-curcumin for the HeLa cell line within 48 h was about 15 μM. Flow cytometry results showed that 46.5% | ||
| [59] | Krishnaveni P, et al | 2023 | Curcumin solid lipid nanoparticles | Bax and Caspase 8,Bcl2, Cyclin D1 and PCNA, miR181a, pre-miR-182, miR155 | solid lipid nanoparticles conveyed curcumin to cancer cells successfully and expanded the restorative impact by applying its capacities through miRNAs, acceptance of apoptosis as well as hindrance of metastasis | ||
| [60] | Moawad, Mahmoud, et al | 2023 | Nanocapsules | p53, Bcl-2, Bax, and Bax |
Curcumin nanocapsules significantly increased the apoptotic cell population in a dose- and time-dependent manner mRNA expression analysis showed that proapoptotic Bax, Caspase-3, and tumor suppressor gene p53 were up-regulated during the process initiated by curcumin nanocapsules and reduced the rate of Bcl-2/bax |
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| [61] | Subandi, Subandi, and Sigit Purbadi Purbadi S | 2023 | NF-κB | Nanocurcumin and MTX reduced telomerase expression, NF-κB expression, and BrdU proliferation index in BeWo carcinoma cell line cultures more rapidly than MTX alone | |||
| [62] | Seyed Hosseini, Elahe, et al | 2023 | Dendrosomal nano carrier | AKT, PI3K, PKC, JNK, P38 and MMPs mRNAs | The matrigel invasion, as well as cell viability of ovarian cancer cell lines SKOV3 and OVCAR3 by dendrosomal nano curcumin alone or in combination with oxaliplatin, was inhibited significantly | ||
| [63] | Viraaj, V., et al | 2023 |
The low proliferation index of the bulk is due to its large size and low permeability Furthermore, due to a threefold reduction in bulk, the chemically synthesized nanocurcumin exhibited a better proliferation index than the green synthetic nanocurcumin. This demonstrated improved uptake of nanocurcumin by the cell lines |
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