Table 3.

Etiology of advanced-CKD in Southeast Asia

Etiology	Prevalence (%)	95% CI	I2 test (%)	p-value
Diabetic kidney disease	29.2	23.88–34.78	99.12	< 0.001
Hypertensive nephrosclerosis	16.8	14.05–19.70	97.68	< 0.001
Polycystic kidney disease	0.7	0.40–1.16	89.68	< 0.001
Glomerulonephritis	20.0	16.84–23.38	98.04	< 0.001
Other	8.6	6.97–10.47	96.45	< 0.001
Unknown	7.5	4.32–11.50	99.29	< 0.001

Significant heterogeneity between studies is observed (p < 0.001 with I² exceeding 89% for all six-etiology groups)

CI confidence interval