. 2024 May 21;14(3):987–1003. doi: 10.1007/s44197-024-00245-1

Table 4.

Associations of weight-normalized handgrip strength, standing long jump (per 10-centimeter increase) and maximal oxygen consumption with the selected cardiometabolic indicators

Indicator	Weight-normalized grip strength^a		Standing long jump (cm)		Maximal oxygen consumption (mL/kg/min)
Indicator	β (95% CI)	P-value	β (95% CI)	P-value	β (95% CI)	P-value
Entire sample
Ln waist circumference ^b
Adjusted model 1^c	−0.589 (− 0.628, − 0.550)	< 0.001	−0.003 (− 0.005, − 0.001)	0.009	−0.001 (− 0.002, − 0.0002)	0.010
Adjusted model 2^d	−0.604 (− 0.647, − 0.560)	< 0.001	−0.003 (− 0.006, − 0.001)	0.011	−0.001 (− 0.002, − 0.0003)	0.010
Systolic blood pressure
Adjusted model 1^{c, e}	−9.5 (− 13.1, − 6.0)	< 0.001	−0.1 (− 0.2, 0.1)	0.483	−0.04 (− 0.10, 0.02)	0.206
Adjusted model 2^{d, e}	−9.7 (− 13.6, − 5.8)	< 0.001	−0.1 (− 0.3, 0.1)	0.462	−0.02 (− 0.09, 0.04)	0.508
Ln triglyceride ^b
Adjusted model 1^c	−0.590 (− 0.769, − 0.410)	< 0.001	−0.008 (− 0.017, 0.001)	0.09	−0.001 (− 0.004, 0.002)	0.514
Adjusted Model 2^d	−0.599 (− 0.794, − 0.403)	< 0.001	−0.011 (− 0.021, − 0.001)	0.034	−0.001 (− 0.004, 0.003)	0.693
Total cholesterol
Adjusted model 1^c	−0.59 (− 0.89, − 0.30)	< 0.001	−0.03 (− 0.04, − 0.01)	< 0.001	−0.001 (− 0.006, 0.004)	0.796
Adjusted model 2^d	−0.63 (− 0.95, − 0.31)	< 0.001	−0.03 (− 0.04, − 0.01)	0.001	−0.002 (− 0.007, 0.004)	0.502
Low-density lipoprotein
Adjusted model 1^c	−0.53 (− 0.78, − 0.28)	< 0.001	−0.02 (− 0.03, − 0.009)	0.001	−0.001 (− 0.005, 0.003)	0.718
Adjusted model 2^d	−0.55 (− 0.83, − 0.28)	< 0.001	−0.02 (− 0.03, − 0.007)	0.003	−0.002 (− 0.006, 0.003)	0.497
High-density lipoprotein
Adjusted model 1^c	0.27 (0.17, 0.37)	< 0.001	0.0003 (− 0.005, 0.005)	0.907	0.001 (− 0.0002, 0.003)	0.094
Adjusted model 2^d	0.26 (0.15, 0.37)	< 0.001	0.002 (− 0.004, 0.008)	0.504	0.001 (− 0.0007, 0.003)	0.198
Ln HOMA-IR ^b
Adjusted model 1^{c, f}	−1.56 (− 1.89, − 1.23)	< 0.001	−0.011 (− 0.028, 0.006)	0.214	−0.003 (− 0.009, 0.003)	0.315
Adjusted model 2^{d, f}	−1.62 (− 1.98, − 1.26)	< 0.001	−0.015 (− 0.034, 0.003)	0.112	−0.0006 (− 0.007, 0.006)	0.861
Girls
Ln waist circumference ^b
Adjusted model 1^c	−0.753 (− 0.809, − 0.697)	< 0.001	−0.007 (− 0.011, − 0.003)	< 0.001	−0.001 (− 0.002, 0.0005)	0.269
Adjusted model 2^d	−0.751 (− 0.813, − 0.688)	< 0.001	−0.006 (− 0.011, − 0.002)	0.003	−0.001 (− 0.002, 0.0005)	0.260
Systolic blood pressure
Adjusted model 1^{c, e}	−16.4 (− 21.4, − 11.4)	< 0.001	−0.1 (− 0.4, 0.2)	0.595	−0.02 (− 0.11, 0.06)	0.624
Adjusted model 2^{d, e}	−17.9 (− 23.4, − 12.4)	< 0.001	−0.1 (− 0.4, 0.2)	0.562	−0.005 (− 0.10, 0.09)	0.910
Ln triglyceride ^b
Adjusted model 1^c	−0.568 (− 0.829, − 0.306)	< 0.001	0.007 (− 0.007, 0.022)	0.315	0.001 (− 0.003, 0.006)	0.576
Adjusted model 2^d	−0.609 (− 0.892, − 0.325)	< 0.001	0.006 (− 0.009, 0.023)	0.422	0.001 (− 0.003, 0.006)	0.561
Total cholesterol
Adjusted model 1^c	−0.66 (− 1.13, − 0.20)	0.005	−0.02 (− 0.05, 0.0002)	0.052	0.0004 (− 0.007, 0.008)	0.912
Adjusted model 2^d	−0.72 (− 1.23, − 0.21)	0.006	−0.02 (− 0.05, 0.005)	0.111	−0.001 (− 0.009, 0.007)	0.799
Low-density lipoprotein
Adjusted model 1^c	−0.68 (− 1.09, − 0.28)	< 0.001	−0.03 (− 0.05, − 0.004)	0.023	−0.001 (− 0.008, 0.006)	0.782
Adjusted model 2^d	−0.71 (− 1.16, − 0.27)	0.002	−0.02 (− 0.05, − 0.0002)	0.048	−0.002 (− 0.009, 0.005)	0.567
High-density lipoprotein
Adjusted model 1^c	0.37 (0.22, 0.51)	< 0.001	0.0006 (− 0.008, 0.009)	0.893	0.001 (− 0.001, 0.004)	0.213
Adjusted model 2^d	0.33 (0.16, 0.49)	< 0.001	0.001 (− 0.008, 0.01)	0.813	0.001 (− 0.001, 0.004)	0.269
Ln HOMA-IR ^b
Adjusted model 1^{c, f}	−1.42 (− 1.88, − 0.96)	< 0.001	−0.004 (− 0.030, 0.022)	0.777	0.001 (− 0.007, 0.009)	0.745
Adjusted model 2^{d, f}	−1.54 (− 2.04, − 1.03)	< 0.001	−0.009 (− 0.038, 0.020)	0.537	0.003 (− 0.005, 0.012)	0.451
Boys
Ln waist circumference ^b
Adjusted model 1^c	−0.453 (− 0.507, − 0.399)	< 0.001	−0.001 (− 0.003, 0.002)	0.687	−0.001 (− 0.002, − 0.0003)	0.013
Adjusted model 2^d	−0.485 (− 0.545, − 0.425)	< 0.001	−0.002 (− 0.005, 0.002)	0.335	−0.001 (− 0.003, − 0.0003)	0.014
Systolic blood pressure
Adjusted model 1^{c, e}	−3.8 (− 8.8, 1.1)	0.131	−0.1 (− 0.3, 0.1)	0.356	−0.06 (− 0.15, 0.04)	0.233
Adjusted model 2^{d, e}	−3.6 (− 9.1, 1.9)	0.201	−0.1 (− 0.4, 0.1)	0.409	−0.05 (− 0.15, 0.05)	0.356
Ln triglyceride ^b
Adjusted model 1^c	−0.611 (− 0.859, − 0.363)	< 0.001	−0.019 (− 0.031, − 0.006)	0.003	−0.003 (− 0.008, 0.001)	0.164
Adjusted model 2^d	−0.604 (− 0.877, − 0.330)	< 0.001	−0.023 (− 0.037, − 0.009)	< 0.001	−0.003 (− 0.008, 0.002)	0.307
Total cholesterol
Adjusted model 1^c	−0.54 (− 0.90, − 0.18)	0.003	−0.03 (− 0.05, − 0.01)	< 0.001	−0.002 (− 0.008, 0.005)	0.625
Adjusted model 2^d	−0.55 (− 0.95, − 0.15)	0.007	−0.03 (− 0.05, − 0.01)	0.003	−0.002 (− 0.010, 0.005)	0.497
Low-density lipoprotein
Adjusted model 1^c	−0.40 (− 0.70, − 0.10)	0.008	−0.02 (− 0.03, − 0.005)	0.010	−0.0005 (− 0.006, 0.005)	0.848
Adjusted model 2^d	−0.43 (− 0.77, − 0.09)	0.012	−0.02 (− 0.04, − 0.003)	0.017	−0.001 (− 0.007, 0.005)	0.750
High-density lipoprotein
Adjusted model 1^c	0.20 (0.06, 0.33)	0.003	0.001 (− 0.006, 0.01)	0.840	0.001 (− 0.001, 0.004)	0.271
Adjusted model 2^d	0.22 (0.08, 0.37)	0.003	0.003 (− 0.004, 0.01)	0.355	0.001 (− 0.002, 0.003)	0.568
Ln HOMA-IR ^b
Adjusted model 1^{c, f}	−1.68 (− 2.15, − 1.20)	< 0.001	−0.014 (− 0.038, 0.009)	0.241	−0.007 (− 0.016, 0.001)	0.097
Adjusted model 2^{d, f}	−1.73 (− 2.24, − 1.22)	< 0.001	−0.019 (− 0.044, 0.006)	0.142	−0.005 (− 0.015, 0.004)	0.279

Abbreviations min, minutes; CI, confidence interval; HOMA-IR, insulin resistance from Homeostasis Model Assessment. β represents unstandardized regression coefficient

^aDerived by dividing handgrip strength (kg) by body weight (kg)

^bLn represents natural-log transformed outcome variables where the base of the log was 2.71828

^cAdjusted for gender (when not stratified by gender), household wealth, and maternal education

^dAdditionally adjusted for sedentary time, time engaged in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and awake wear time (all in minutes per day)

^eThe models for association of standing long jump with systolic blood pressure were also adjusted for height (cm)

^fAdditionally adjusted for sample storage time as it showed a negative correlation with fasting insulin level (Spearman’s ρ = −0.2, P < 0.001)

Statistically significant coefficients are presented in bold