Table 3.
Binary logistics regression for the association of hypertension and sociodemographic characteristics and behavioural risk factors, India, 2019-21
| Background characteristics | Men | Women | Overall | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| Age of Household Member | ||||||
| 15–29® | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 30–44 | 3.04*** (2.99–3.09) | 2.49*** (2.43–2.54) | 3.61*** (3.54–3.68) | 2.77*** (2.72–2.83) | 3.27*** (3.23–3.31) | 2.85*** (2.8–2.89) |
| 45–59 | 5.74*** (5.65–5.84) | 4.48*** (4.38–4.58) | 10.23*** (10.05–10.43) | 5.42*** (5.29–5.56) | 7.62*** (7.52–7.71) | 5.54*** (5.45–5.62) |
| 60 and over | 9.20*** (9.04–9.36) | 7.41*** (7.25–7.58) | 20.82*** (20.42–21.22) | 8.83*** (8.57–9.10) | 13.77*** (13.59–13.94) | 8.97*** (8.83–9.12) |
| Type of Place of Residence | ||||||
| Urban® | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Rural | 0.82*** (0.81–0.83) | 0.96*** (0.94–0.97) | 0.83*** (0.82–0.84) | 0.94*** (0.93–0.96) | 0.82*** (0.82–0.83) | 0.95*** (0.94–0.96) |
| Region of Residence | ||||||
| North® | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Central | 0.89*** (0.87–0.90) | 1.03* (1.01–1.05) | 0.93*** (0.91–0.94) | 1.09*** (1.06–1.11) | 0.91*** (0.9–0.92) | 1.05*** (1.04–1.07) |
| East | 0.79*** (0.78–0.81) | 0.84*** (0.82–0.85) | 0.88*** (0.87–0.9) | 0.98* (0.96-1.00) | 0.84*** (0.83–0.85) | 0.91*** (0.89–0.92) |
| Northeast | 0.91*** (0.88–0.94) | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 1.14*** (1.10–1.18) | 0.95*** (0.93–0.97) | 1.06*** (1.03–1.09) |
| West | 0.89*** (0.87–0.91) | 0.88*** (0.86–0.90) | 1.08*** (1.06–1.11) | 1.02* (1.00-1.05) | 0.99** (0.97-1.00) | 0.95*** (0.94–0.97) |
| South | 1.30*** (1.28–1.32) | 1.14*** (1.12–1.17) | 1.36*** (1.34–1.39) | 1.17*** (1.15–1.20) | 1.33*** (1.31–1.35) | 1.16*** (1.14–1.17) |
| Religion of The Household Head | ||||||
| Hindu® | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Muslim | 0.87*** (0.86–0.89) | 0.97** (0.96–0.99) | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 1.10*** (1.08–1.12) | 0.94*** (0.92–0.95) | 1.04*** (1.02–1.05) |
| Others | 1.38*** (1.35–1.41) | 1.20*** (1.18–1.23) | 1.37*** (1.34–1.40) | 1.18*** (1.15–1.21) | 1.38*** (1.36–1.40) | 1.18*** (1.16–1.20) |
| Caste/Tribe of The Household Head | ||||||
| None of them® | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Schedule Caste (SC) | 0.83*** (0.82–0.85) | 0.97*** (0.95–0.99) | 0.77*** (0.76–0.78) | 0.91*** (0.89–0.92) | 0.80*** (0.79–0.81) | 0.94*** (0.93–0.95) |
| Schedule Tribe (ST) | 0.81*** (0.79–0.82) | 1.04*** (1.02–1.07) | 0.78*** (0.77–0.80) | 1.05*** (1.02–1.07) | 0.80*** (0.78–0.81) | 1.04*** (1.03–1.06) |
| Other Backward Classes (OBC) | 0.88*** (0.87–0.89) | 0.92*** (0.91–0.93) | 0.85*** (0.84–0.86) | 0.89*** (0.88–0.91) | 0.87*** (0.86–0.87) | 0.91*** (0.9–0.92) |
| Current Marital Status | ||||||
| Married® | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Others | 0.35*** (0.34–0.35) | 0.85*** (0.83–0.86) | 1.06*** (1.05–1.08) | 1.10*** (1.09–1.12) | 0.65*** (0.64–0.65) | 1.06*** (1.05–1.07) |
| Highest Educational Level Attained | ||||||
| Non-literate® | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Primary | 0.97*** (0.95–0.99) | 1.13*** (1.11–1.16) | 0.80*** (0.79–0.81) | 1.10*** (1.08–1.12) | 0.86*** (0.85–0.87) | 1.05*** (1.04–1.07) |
| Secondary | 0.68*** (0.67–0.69) | 1.15*** (1.13–1.17) | 0.38*** (0.38–0.39) | 0.94*** (0.92–0.95) | 0.52*** (0.51–0.52) | 0.99* (0.98-1.00) |
| Higher | 0.68*** (0.67–0.69) | 1.16*** (1.13–1.19) | 0.28*** (0.27–0.28) | 0.72*** (0.7–0.74) | 0.47*** (0.46–0.47) | 0.92*** (0.9–0.93) |
| Wealth Index | ||||||
| Poorest® | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Poorer | 1.08*** (1.06–1.10) | 1.08*** (1.06–1.1) | 1.04*** (1.02–1.06) | 1.04*** (1.02–1.06) | 1.06*** (1.05–1.07) | 1.07*** (1.05–1.08) |
| Middle | 1.24*** (1.22–1.27) | 1.19*** (1.17–1.22) | 1.18*** (1.16–1.19) | 1.13*** (1.11–1.15) | 1.21*** (1.19–1.22) | 1.18*** (1.16–1.19) |
| Richer | 1.46*** (1.43–1.48) | 1.33*** (1.3–1.36) | 1.28*** (1.26–1.3) | 1.18*** (1.15–1.2) | 1.36*** (1.35–1.38) | 1.27*** (1.25–1.29) |
| Richest | 1.73*** (1.70–1.76) | 1.43*** (1.4–1.47) | 1.45*** (1.43–1.47) | 1.23*** (1.2–1.26) | 1.58*** (1.56–1.60) | 1.34*** (1.32–1.37) |
| Smokes or Uses Tobacco | ||||||
| No® | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.27*** (1.25–1.28) | 0.92*** (0.90–0.93) | 1.74*** (1.72–1.77) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 1.43*** (1.42–1.44) | 0.91*** (0.90–0.92) |
| Drinks Alcohol | ||||||
| No® | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 1.48*** (1.46–1.49) | 1.28*** (1.26–1.3) | 1.66*** (1.59–1.72) | 1.17*** (1.12–1.22) | 1.56*** (1.54–1.58) | 1.26*** (1.24–1.28) |
| Body Mass Index (BMI in kg/m2) | ||||||
| Normal (BMI 18.5–24.9) ® | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Thin (BMI < 18.5) | 0.46*** (0.43–0.49) | 0.67*** (0.62–0.72) | 0.60*** (0.58–0.61) | 0.86*** (0.84–0.89) | 0.57*** (0.55–0.58) | 0.80*** (0.78–0.82) |
| Overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9) | 2.29*** (2.20–2.39) | 1.46*** (1.39–1.53) | 2.28*** (2.24–2.33) | 1.49*** (1.46–1.52) | 2.28*** (2.24–2.32) | 1.55*** (1.52–1.58) |
| Obese (BMI ≥ 30.0) | 3.44*** (3.20–3.69) | 1.83*** (1.68–1.99) | 3.72*** (3.63–3.81) | 2.13*** (2.07–2.19) | 3.55*** (3.47–3.63) | 2.12*** (2.07–2.18) |
| BMI not measured | 1.75*** (1.71–1.79) | 1.68** (1.18–2.39) | 7.83*** (7.73–7.94) | 1.80*** (1.57–2.06) | 3.82*** (3.78–3.86) | 1.82*** (1.61–2.06) |
| Waist Circumference | ||||||
| Normal (women: (≤ 80 cm); men (≤ 94 cm)) ® | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Increased risk of metabolic complications (women: (> 80 cm); men (> 94 cm)) | 2.59*** (2.55–2.63) | 1.51*** (1.43–1.60) | 3.39*** (3.25–3.54) | 1.34*** (1.31–1.36) | 2.30*** (2.27–2.33) | 1.16*** (1.14–1.18) |
| Not measured | 9.90*** (9.76–10.04) | 0.69* (0.49–0.98) | 1.79*** (1.76–1.83) | 1.19** (1.04–1.37) | 4.45*** (4.40–4.50) | 0.98 (0.86–1.11) |
| Random Blood Glucose Level | ||||||
| Normal (≤ 140 mg/dl) ® | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| High (> 140 mg/dl) | 3.22*** (3.18–3.27) | 1.67*** (1.65–1.70) | 2.70*** (2.67–2.74) | 1.61*** (1.59–1.64) | 2.97*** (2.94-3.00) | 1.65*** (1.64–1.67) |
| Not measured | 10.90*** (10.59–11.23) | 10.93*** (10.51–11.36) | 14.53*** (14-15.07) | 7.56*** (7.31–7.81) | 12.16*** (11.89–12.44) | 8.92*** (8.70–9.15) |
| Sample size (n) | 7,85,611 | 9,22,630 | 17,08,241 | |||
Note® - Reference category, OR - Odds Ratio, CI - Confidence Interval, *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.10