Table 2.
Associations between dietary mineral intakes and UFR.
| Exposure | Crude model | Model I | Model II |
|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) p-value | β (95% CI) p-value | β (95% CI) p-value | |
| Ca (continuous) | 0.01 (0.01, 0.01) <0.0001 | 0.01 (0.01, 0.01) <0.0001 | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01) 0.8851 |
| Ca (categories) | |||
| Tertile 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Tertile 2 | 7.20 (3.53, 10.86) 0.0001 | 5.82 (2.15, 9.49) 0.0019 | 6.15 (1.97, 10.33) 0.0039 |
| Tertile 3 | 15.83 (12.28, 19.39) <0.0001 | 13.37 (9.72, 17.02) <0.0001 | 15.45 (9.04, 21.85) <0.0001 |
| P for trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| P (continuous) | 0.01 (0.01, 0.02) <0.0001 | 0.01 (0.01, 0.01) <0.0001 | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01) 0.7813 |
| P (categories) | |||
| Tertile 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Tertile 2 | 11.86 (8.23, 15.48) <0.0001 | 10.87 (7.21, 14.52) <0.0001 | 6.19 (1.78, 10.60) 0.0060 |
| Tertile 3 | 14.52 (10.97, 18.08) <0.0001 | 13.11 (9.32, 16.90) <0.0001 | 0.86 (−6.20, 7.92) 0.8114 |
| P for trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.9438 |
| Mg (continuous) | 0.07 (0.06, 0.09) <0.0001 | 0.07 (0.06, 0.08) <0.0001 | 0.05 (0.03, 0.08) <0.0001 |
| Mg (categories) | |||
| Tertile 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Tertile 2 | 9.53 (5.92, 13.14) <0.0001 | 8.74 (5.09, 12.39) <0.0001 | 6.34 (2.12, 10.57) 0.0032 |
| Tertile 3 | 23.99 (20.44, 27.55) <0.0001 | 23.14 (19.41, 26.86) <0.0001 | 16.97 (10.59, 23.35) <0.0001 |
| P for trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Fe (continuous) | 0.65 (0.44, 0.86) <0.0001 | 0.57 (0.35, 0.79) <0.0001 | −0.18 (−0.52, 0.16) 0.3088 |
| Fe (categories) | |||
| Tertile 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Tertile 2 | 9.30 (5.73, 12.87) <0.0001 | 8.25 (4.65, 11.84) <0.0001 | 4.98 (0.84, 9.12) 0.0184 |
| Tertile 3 | 12.05 (8.49, 15.61) <0.0001 | 10.79 (7.08, 14.50) <0.0001 | 4.34 (−1.88, 10.56) 0.1718 |
| P for trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.2242 |
| Zn (continuous) | 0.70 (0.45, 0.96) <0.0001 | 0.59 (0.32, 0.86) <0.0001 | −0.18 (−0.60, 0.24) 0.4082 |
| Zn (categories) | |||
| Tertile 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Tertile 2 | 10.64 (7.04, 14.25) <0.0001 | 9.31 (5.67, 12.95) <0.0001 | 6.75 (2.64, 10.85) 0.0013 |
| Tertile 3 | 13.15 (9.59, 16.71) <0.0001 | 11.75 (7.96, 15.54) <0.0001 | 7.27 (1.24, 13.30) 0.0182 |
| P for trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0332 |
| Cu (continuous) | 7.52 (5.70, 9.34) <0.0001 | 6.73 (4.87, 8.59) <0.0001 | 1.33 (−1.06, 3.72) 0.2749 |
| Cu (categories) | |||
| Tertile 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Tertile 2 | 10.67 (7.08, 14.27) <0.0001 | 9.95 (6.33, 13.56) <0.0001 | 8.04 (3.99, 12.10) 0.0001 |
| Tertile 3 | 24.26 (20.73, 27.79) <0.0001 | 22.94 (19.27, 26.60) <0.0001 | 18.50 (12.94, 24.07) <0.0001 |
| P for trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Na (continuous) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) <0.0001 | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) <0.0001 | 0.00 (−0.00, 0.00) 0.5913 |
| Na (categories) | |||
| Tertile 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Tertile 2 | 8.39 (4.80, 11.98) <0.0001 | 7.48 (3.84, 11.12) <0.0001 | 6.91 (2.52, 11.30) 0.0020 |
| Tertile 3 | 11.84 (8.31, 15.38) <0.0001 | 10.75 (6.93, 14.56) <0.0001 | 8.35 (1.26, 15.44) 0.0210 |
| P for trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0220 |
| K (continuous) | 0.01 (0.01, 0.01) <0.0001 | 0.01 (0.01, 0.01) <0.0001 | 0.00 (−0.00, 0.00) 0.1948 |
| K (categories) | |||
| Tertile 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Tertile 2 | 9.50 (5.89, 13.10) <0.0001 | 8.98 (5.33, 12.62) <0.0001 | 7.40 (3.14, 11.66) 0.0007 |
| Tertile 3 | 20.34 (16.79, 23.90) <0.0001 | 19.78 (16.03, 23.53) <0.0001 | 15.78 (9.32, 22.23) <0.0001 |
| P for trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Se (continuous) | 0.10 (0.07, 0.13) <0.0001 | 0.10 (0.07, 0.13) <0.0001 | 0.03 (−0.03, 0.09) 0.2699 |
| Se (categories) | |||
| Tertile 1 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Tertile 2 | 8.86 (5.31, 12.41) <0.0001 | 7.87 (4.28, 11.47) <0.0001 | 3.59 (−0.68, 7.87) 0.0992 |
| Tertile 3 | 10.66 (7.09, 14.22) <0.0001 | 9.85 (6.03, 13.67) <0.0001 | −0.34 (−7.17, 6.49) 0.9225 |
| P for trend | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.8831 |
Crude model: no covariates were adjusted. Model I: age, gender, race, and education level were adjusted. Model II: age, gender, race, education level, PIR, BMI, SCr, energy intake, protein intake, carbohydrate intake, total sugars intake, total fat intake, smokers, alcohol drinkers, hypertension, diabetes, history of CVD, and mineral intakes (Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Na, K, Se) were adjusted.