Table 1.
Characteristics of pregnant women in sample (PRAMS 1990–2015).
| None | Alcohol Consumption | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-Pregnancy | Last 3 months | |||||
| n | % | n | % | p-value | ||
| Maternal level | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| 19 or less | 37,255 | 8497 | 22.8 | 2011 | 5.4 | < 0.0001 |
| 20–24 | 72,433 | 22,425 | 31.0 | 4673 | 6.5 | |
| 25–29 | 70,297 | 23,083 | 32.8 | 5637 | 8.0 | |
| 30–34 | 52,218 | 18,496 | 35.4 | 6089 | 11.7 | |
| 35 or more | 29,705 | 9743 | 32.8 | 4045 | 13.6 | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 116,120 | 37,077 | 31.9 | 9298 | 8.0 | < 0.0001 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 34,982 | 6854 | 19.6 | 2553 | 7.3 | |
| Hispanic | 22,162 | 3975 | 17.9 | 1788 | 8.1 | |
| Other or unknown | 88,644 | 34,338 | 38.7 | 8816 | 9.9 | |
| Education Level | ||||||
| High school or less | 52,083 | 11,639 | 22.3 | 4321 | 8.3 | < 0.0001 |
| High school grad/GED | 92,255 | 28,097 | 30.5 | 6891 | 7.5 | |
| Some college, no degree | 60,477 | 20,858 | 34.5 | 4591 | 7.6 | |
| Bachelors or more | 51,698 | 19,867 | 38.4 | 6098 | 11.8 | |
| Other or unknown | 5395 | 1783 | 33.0 | 554 | 10.3 | |
| Primary payer | ||||||
| Public | 19,544 | 4357 | 22.3 | 1349 | 6.9 | < 0.0001 |
| Private | 19,025 | 5949 | 31.3 | 2196 | 11.5 | |
| Uninsured or self-pay | 1579 | 322 | 20.4 | 207 | 13.1 | |
| Other or unknown | 221,760 | 0.0 | 18,703 | 8.4 | ||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 93,825 | 29,435 | 31.4 | 8165 | 8.7 | 0.1067 |
| Single/other | 168,083 | 52,809 | 31.4 | 14,290 | 8.5 | |
| Kessner Index for Care | ||||||
| Inadequate | 229,322 | 72,374 | 31.6 | 18,904 | 8.2 | < 0.0001 |
| Adequate | 17,703 | 4884 | 27.6 | 2187 | 12.4 | |
| Other or unknown | 14,883 | 4986 | 33.5 | 1364 | 9.2 | |
| State Level | ||||||
| Punitive policy | ||||||
| Yes | 159,622 | 19,539 | 12.2 | 13,773 | 8.6 | 0.25 |
| No | 102,286 | 62,705 | 61.3 | 8682 | 8.5 | |
| Reporting policy | ||||||
| Yes | 139,659 | 32,210 | 23.1 | 11,513 | 8.2 | < 0.0001 |
| No | 122,249 | 50,034 | 40.9 | 10,942 | 9.0 | |
| Priority treatment | ||||||
| Yes | 125,488 | 35,392 | 28.2 | 10,988 | 8.8 | 0.0033 |
| No | 136,420 | 46,852 | 34.3 | 11,467 | 8.4 | |
| State | ||||||
| Alabama | 17,568 | 4857 | 27.6 | 1046 | 6.0 | < 0.0001 |
| Alaska | 32,960 | 12,005 | 36.4 | 3058 | 9.3 | |
| Arkansas | 24,238 | 4875 | 20.1 | 1513 | 6.2 | |
| Colorado | 29,962 | 8923 | 29.8 | 3647 | 12.2 | |
| Florida | 10,067 | 4060 | 40.3 | 988 | 9.8 | |
| Georgia | 12,673 | 3776 | 29.8 | 1381 | 10.9 | |
| Illinois | 2915 | 1317 | 45.2 | 277 | 9.5 | |
| Michigan | 6086 | 2873 | 47.2 | 661 | 10.9 | |
| New Mexico | 810 | 344 | 42.5 | 54 | 6.7 | |
| New York | 20,876 | 7447 | 35.7 | 2490 | 11.9 | |
| North Dakota | 6087 | 1815 | 29.8 | 362 | 5.9 | |
| Oklahoma | 49,260 | 14,464 | 29.4 | 3249 | 6.6 | |
| South Carolina | 23,064 | 5741 | 24.9 | 1786 | 7.7 | |
| Washington | 11,429 | 4804 | 42.0 | 884 | 7.7 | |
| West Virginia | 13,913 | 4943 | 35.5 | 1059 | 7.6 | |
| Total | 261,908 | 82,244 | 100.00 | 21,396 | 100.00 | |