Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study population
| all | No DKD | DKD | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 475 | 406 | 69 |
| Gender (%Female) | 45 | 46 | 42 |
| Age (years) | 61.4 ± 9.1 | 61.0 ± 8.8 | 63.8 ± 10.1* |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 30.7 ± 6.0 | 30.3 ± 5.6 | 32.7 ± 7.3* |
| Age-at-Diagnosis (years) | 59.3 ± 9.0 | 58.8 ± 8.7 | 61.8 ± 9.8* |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 2.2 ± 1.1 | 2.2 ± 1.1 | 2.0 ± 1.1 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 8.0 ± 1.6 | 8.0 ± 1.7 | 8.1 ± 1.4 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 46 (42, 51) | 46 (42, 51) | 46 (43, 54) |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.19 ± 0.32 | 1.20 ± 0.33 | 1.11 ± 0.25 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1,73 m2) | 84 ± 16 | 87 ± 13 | 70 ± 22* |
| eGFR ≤ 60 (%) | 34 (7) | 0 | 34 (50) |
| Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine ratio (mg/mmol) | 0.48 (0.20, 1.00) | 0.41 (0.18, 0.79) | 3.99 (0.79, 10.5)* |
| Albuminuria (%) | 43 (9) | 0 | 43 (62) |
| Chronic kidney disease (%) | 69 (15) | 0 | 69 (100) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 78 ± 9 | 78 ± 9 | 79 ± 10 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 139 ± 18 | 139 ± 18 | 142 ± 20 |
| Smoking (current/ever/never) | 92/130/250 | 76/107/220 | 16/23/30 |
| Medication use | |||
| Metformin (%) | 340 (72) | 287 (71) | 53 (77) |
| SU (%) | 130 (27) | 105 (26) | 25 (36) |
| Other glucose-lowering (%) | 13 (3) | 12 (3) | 1 (1) |
| Antihypertensive medication (%) | 319 (67) | 260 (64) | 59 (86)* |
| Lipid-lowering medication (%) | 320 (67) | 271 (67) | 49 (71) |
Data are mean ± SD, n(%), or median (IQR). All measures taken at the time of blood sampling
*P ≤ 0.05 versus those without DKD