Fig. 5.

Oral administration, intraperitoneal injection, and inhalation of insulin enabled by microfluidic systems. a A microfluidic device used to produce microparticles containing chitosan-coated, insulin-encapsulated nanoparticles [141]. b A PDMS microfluidic insulin reservoir integrated with a bioinorganic gel membrane [146]. c A hybrid resonant acoustics (HYDRA) microfluidic nebulizer for insulin inhalation [147]. (a) Recreated using Biorender.com from Costa C, Liu Z, Martins JP, Correia A, Figueiredo P, Rahikkala A, Li W, Seitsonen J, Ruokolainen J, Hirvonen SP, Aguiar-Ricardo A, Corvo ML, Santos HA. All-in-one microfluidic assembly of insulin-loaded pH-responsive nano-in-microparticles for oral insulin delivery. Biomater Sci. 2020;8:3270-3277 [141]. Copyright permission from RSC Publications (CC License). (b) Reproduced from Chu MK, Chen J, Gordijo CR, Chiang S, Ivovic A, Koulajian K, Giacca A, Wu XY, Sun Y. In vitro and in vivo testing of glucose-responsive insulin-delivery microdevices in diabetic rats. Lab Chip. 2012;12:2533-9 [146]. Copyright permission from RSC Publications (CC License). Modified with Biorender.com. (c) Reproduced from Nguyen EP, Lee L, Rezk AR, Sabri YM, Bhargava SK, Yeo LY. Hybrid Surface and Bulk Resonant Acoustics for Concurrent Actuation and Sensing on a Single Microfluidic Device. Anal Chem. 2018 Apr 17;90(8):5335-5342 [147]. Copyright permission from ACS Publications (CC License). Modified with Biorender