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. 2024 Oct 1;15:8511. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-52860-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 8 — The schematic represent key steps in the NER pathway—XPC lesion recognition, NER bubble extension, XPD-mediated lesion scanning, PInC assembly and dual incision of the damaged DNA segment, gap-filling synthesis, and DNA restoration. Core NER factors are shown in cartoon representation and color-coded. The position of the lesion is indicated by a red star. Red dashed arrows show the direction of ssDNA movement during the different stages of NER. White dotted arrow denotes the opening/closing dynamics of XPB during bubble expansion. Black dotted arrow denotes the opening/closing dynamics of XPD during lesion scanning. A red cross denotes the blocking of a lesion inside XPD and damage verification. Red arrows indicate the incision points on DNA by XPF/ERCC1 and XPG, respectively.