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. 2024 Oct 1;25:769. doi: 10.1186/s12891-024-07888-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — Impact of Oleocanthal on Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (ΔΨM) in Chondrocytes as Demonstrated by Immunofluorescence Staining and Quantitative Analysis. Oleocanthal’s effects on mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨM) within chondrocytes through both qualitative and quantitative lenses. Each part is explained as follows: (A) Immunofluorescence staining of untreated control chondrocytes, illustrating the baseline ΔΨM; (B) Chondrocytes treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), showing altered ΔΨM as a model of inflammation-induced mitochondrial stress; (C) Chondrocytes after treatment with 20 µg/mL oleocanthal, indicating the effect of oleocanthal on the preservation/restoration of ΔΨM; (D) Chondrocytes post-treatment with 40 µg/mL oleocanthal, further depicting the dose-response relationship between oleocanthal and ΔΨM stabilization; (E) Quantitative bar graph of ΔΨM intensity, normalized to the control, across the different treatment groups. Student’s t-test was conducted to assess statistical significance. A single asterisk (*) denotes a p-value less than 0.05 (Note: The fluorescence images reveal that LPS treatment reduces ΔΨM, indicative of mitochondrial depolarization, which is then partially reversed by oleocanthal treatment in a concentration-dependent manner. The quantitative analysis corroborates the protective effect of oleocanthal on mitochondrial integrity under inflammatory conditions.)