Table 1.
Study Demographics, Characteristics, and Effect Sizes Listed Chronologically for Race Face Recognition Tasks (k = 38)
| Study | Task | Study Type | Sample N | Age Range | Mean Age | Country/Region | Own-race Face | Other-race Face | g | SE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||
| Chance et al. (1982) [1] | Old/new | Behavioral | 15 | 10–11 | NR | U.S. | White | E. Asian (Japanese) | 0.12 | 0.26 |
| Chance et al. (1982) [2] | Old/new | Behavioral | 15 | 13–14 | NR | U.S. | White | E. Asian (Japanese) | −0.21 | 0.26 |
| Chance et al. (1982) [3] | Old/new | Behavioral | 12 | 18–19 | NR | U.S. | White | E. Asian (Japanese) | 0.44 | 0.30 |
| Chance et al. (1982) [4] | Old/new | Behavioral | 12 | 10–11 | NR | U.S. | White | E. Asian (Japanese) | 0.55 | 0.31 |
| Chance et al. (1982) [5] | Old/new | Behavioral | 16 | 13–14 | NR | U.S. | White | E. Asian (Japanese) | 0.55 | 0.27 |
| Chance et al. (1982) [6] | Old/new | Behavioral | 10 | 18–19 | NR | U.S. | White | E. Asian (Japanese) | 0.75 | 0.36 |
| Corenblum et al. (2006) [1] | Old/new | Behavioral | 169 | 9–20 | 13.35 | Canada | White | Black | 0.81 | 0.09 |
| Walker et al. (2006) [1] | Old/new | Behavioral | 49 | 13–16 | 14.50 | U.K. | White | S. Asian | −0.16 | 0.14 |
| Walker et al. (2006) [2] | Old/new | Behavioral | 45 | 13–16 | 14.50 | U.K. | S. Asian | White | 0.07 | 0.15 |
| de Heering et al. (2010) [1] | Old/new | Behavioral | 23 | 9–12 | 11.75 | Belgium | Asian | White | 0.36 | 0.22 |
| de Heering et al. (2010) [2] | Old/new | Behavioral | 84 | 9–12 | 11.75 | Belgium | White | Asian | 0.81 | 0.13 |
| Lucas et al. (2011) [1] | Old/new | Neuroimaging | 18 | 19–22 | 20.62 | U.S. | White | Black | 0.23 | 0.24 |
| Lucas et al. (2011) [2] | Old/new | Neuroimaging | 18 | 19–22 | 20.62 | U.S. | White | Avg of Black, E. & S. Asian, Hispanic | 0.15 | 0.24 |
| Shriver et al. (2008) [1] | Old/new | Behavioral | 30 | N/A | 18.76 | U.S. | White | Black | 1.28 | 0.25 |
| Pezdek et al. (2012) [1] | Matching | Behavioral | 42 | 18–21 | 19.92 | U.S. | White | Black | 0.19 | 0.16 |
| Pezdek et al. (2012) [2] | Matching | Behavioral | 42 | 18–21 | 19.92 | U.S. | White | Black | 0.82 | 0.18 |
| Anzures et al. (2014) [1] | Old/new | Behavioral | 25 | 9–10 | NR | U.K. | White | Asian | 0.57 | 0.12 |
| Anzures et al. (2014) [2] | Old/new | Behavioral | 25 | 9–10 | NR | U.K. | White | Asian | 1.34 | 0.16 |
| Anzures et al. (2014) [3] | Old/new | Behavioral | 25 | 9–10 | NR | U.K. | White | Asian | 0.80 | 0.13 |
| Ding et al. (2014) [1] | Old/new | Neuroimaging | 72 | 7–13 | 10.20 | China | Asian | White | 0.16 | 0.12 |
| Chang et al. (2015) [1] | Old/new | Behavioral | 9 | NR | 19.86 | U.S. | Black | Avg of White, E. & S. Asian | 0.00 | 0.33 |
| Chang et al. (2015) [2] | Old/new | Behavioral | 29 | NR | 19.86 | U.S. | White | Avg of White, E. & S. Asian | −0.08 | 0.19 |
| Chang et al. (2015) [3] | Old/new | Behavioral | 12 | NR | 19.86 | U.S. | E. Asian | Avg of White, E. & S. Asian | 0.11 | 0.29 |
| Chang et al. (2015) [4] | Old/new | Behavioral | 7 | NR | 19.86 | U.S. | S. Asian | Avg of White, E. & S. Asian | −0.11 | 0.38 |
| Davis et al. (2016) [1] | Old/new | Behavioral | 116 | NR | 19.34 | U.S. | White | Black | 0.49 | 0.09 |
| Herzmann et al. (2016) [1] | Matching | Neuroimaging | 26 | NR | 18.80 | U.S. | White | Asian | −1.68 | 0.30 |
| Herzmann et al. (2016) [2] | Matching | Neuroimaging | 26 | NR | 18.80 | U.S. | White | Black | −2.79 | 0.44 |
| Chien et al. (2018) [1] | Matching | Behavioral | 21 | 11–13 | 11.50 | Taiwan | Asian | White | 0.42 | 0.23 |
| Chien et al. (2018) [1] | Matching | Behavioral | 23 | NR | 21.62 | Taiwan | Asian | White | 0.87 | 0.25 |
| Kokje et al. (2018) [1] | Matching | Behavioral | 74 | NR | 19.70 | U.K. | White | Arab | 0.02 | 0.12 |
| Kokje et al. (2018) [2] | Matching | Behavioral | 74 | NR | 19.70 | U.K. | White | Arab | 0.02 | 0.12 |
| Wong et al., (2021) [1] | Old/new | Behavioral | 26 | NR | 20.23 | Malaysia | Chinese | Avg of White, Indian, & Malaysian | 0.96 | 0.13 |
| Wong et al., (2021) [2] | Old/new | Behavioral | 23 | NR | 19.70 | Malaysia | Malaysian | Avg of Chinese, Indian, & White | 1.38 | 0.14 |
| Wong et al., (2021) [3] | Old/new | Behavioral | 22 | NR | 22.50 | Malaysia | Indian | Avg of Malaysian, White, & Chinese | 0.17 | 0.10 |
| Wong et al., (2021) [4] | Old/new | Behavioral | 23 | NR | 22.26 | Malaysia | White | Avg of Malaysian, Indian, & Chinese | 0.58 | 0.11 |
| Wong et al., (2023) [1] | Old/new | Behavioral | 21 | NR | 19.57 | Malaysia | Chinese | Avg of Malaysian & Indian | −0.09 | 0.13 |
| Wong et al., (2023) [2] | Old/new | Behavioral | 20 | NR | 19.35 | Malaysia | Indian | Avg of Malaysian & Chinese | 0.83 | 0.15 |
| Wong et al., (2023) [3] | Old/new | Behavioral | 22 | NR | 19.91 | Malaysia | Malaysian | Avg of Indian & Chinese | 0.24 | 0.13 |
Note: Studies denoted by the first author, year, and unique effect size identifier in brackets. G = standardized effect size (Hedge’s g); SE = standard error. U.S. = United States, U.K. = United Kingdom E. Asian = East Asian, S. Asian = South Asian. Positive effect sizes correspond to positive ORB (Own race > Other race), negative effect sizes reflect an other-race bias (Own race < Other race). N represents the group sample size for Hedge’s g and SE computations. Note that 9 of these 38 effect sizes were drawn from studies that only reported age range but not the mean of age. Therefore, we estimated the median age based on the reported age range to increase the power of analysis (e.g., Chance et al., 1982).
Indicates studies in which the mean age as not reported, but is estimated as a median age based on the reported ae range.
NR = not reported.