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. 2024 Sep 18;11:1415464. doi: 10.3389/frobt.2024.1415464

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Copyright © 2024 Kurogi, Inoue, Fujiwara and Minamizawa.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The working principle of a basic dielectric elastomer actuator and developed DEA-based tactile display. (A) our tactile display using DEA. (B) basic structure and working principle of DEA. (C) actuation principle.