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. 2024 Oct 2;3(1):23. doi: 10.1186/s44167-024-00062-8

Table 1.

Study characteristics

Study Analytic sample size Age in years: 1Mean and/or range Sex/gender Country Indicator(s) of health Type of Study MVPA Measure LPA Measure SB Measure SL Measure What parts was the day partitioned into? CoDA Associations Examined
Asano et al. [96] 113 75.2 (4.6) 40.7% female Japan Phase angle Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Questionnaire (self-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual; 1-to-1 ISM; Proportional ISM
Bezerra et al. [97] 123 55.2 (9.2) months 50.4% female Brazil Executive function Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Questionnaire (proxy-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Bianchim et al. [98] Children: 86; Adults: 43

Children: 13.6 (2.8); Adults:

24.6 (4.7)

Total: 48% female;

Child: 47% female;

Adults: 48% female

 Australia, South Wales FEV1% Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Biddle et al. [99] 435 66.9 (7.4) 61.7% male UK Glucose regulation, Insulin sensitivity Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SL; Sitting; Standing; Stepping

Individual;

1-to-1 ISM
Blodgett et al. [100] 4738 46 52.3% female England, Scotland, Wales Depression Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA

Individual;

1-to-1 ISM
Blodgett et al. [101] 15,253 53.7 (9.7) 54.7% female Netherlands, UK, Australia, Denmark, Finland BMI, Waist circumference, HDL cholesterol, Total: HDL cholesterol ratio, Triglycerides, HbA1c Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA; Standing

Individual;

1-to-1 ISM
Booker et al. [60] 2805 60.7 (11.7) 62% female USA High-sensitivity c-reactive protein Cross-sectional Questionnaire (self-reported) Questionnaire (self-reported) Other: Computed from the subtraction of time spent in PA and sleep from 1440 min Questionnaire (self-reported) SB; SL; Lying down; Total PA 1-to-1 ISM
Brakenridge et al. [61] 648 Low risk: 56.0 (9.8); High risk: 60.2 (9.3)

Lower Diabetes Risk: 52.7% female;

Higher Diabetes Risk: 60.7% female

 Australia Glycaemic measures (HbA1c, FPG, 2hPLG) Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based; Questionnaire (self-reported) SL; Sitting; Standing; Stepping

Individual;

1-to-1 ISM
Brayton et al. [64] 33 15.8 (1.2) 52% female USA Concussion recovery Longitudinal Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Individual
Cabanas-Sánchez et al. [102] X: 2,489; L: 1,679

X: 71.7 (4.3)

L: 71.4 (4.2)

X: 53.1% female;

L: 51.7% female

 Spain Depression, Loneliness, Happiness, Global mental health Cross-sectional; Longitudinal Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Carson et al. [103] 4169 11.4 (0.1) 51.3% male Canada BMI, Waist circumference, Systolic BP, Diastolic BP, Behavioral strengths and difficulties, Triglycerides, Cholesterol, C-reactive protein, Insulin, Aerobic fitness Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Questionnaire (self-reported); Questionnaire (proxy-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Carson et al. [104] 552 3.5 (0.0) 49.2% female Canada Waist circumference, BMIz Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Questionnaire (proxy-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual
Chao et al. [105] 1475 20.7 (1.6) 68.0% female China Anxiety symptoms Cross-sectional Questionnaire (self-reported) Questionnaire (self-reported) Questionnaire (self-reported) Questionnaire (self-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; 1-to-1 ISM
Chastin et al. [54] 130,239

ABC: 52.8

NHANES 2003–2006: 63.6

REGARDS: 63.4

UK Biobank: 62.3

Whitehall II: 69.4

Women's Health Study: 72.0

ABC: 44% female

NHANES 2003–2006: 49.3% female

REGARDS: 54% female

UK Biobank: 56.2% female

Whitehall II: 25.9% female

Women's Health Study: 100% female

 Sweden, USA, UK All-cause mortality Longitudinal Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based; Questionnaire (self-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Chen et al. [62] 8045

2018: 3.8 (1.3)

2019: 3.8 (1.3)

2020: 3.9 (1.3)

2021: 3.8 (1.3)

2018: 51.3% female

2019: 48.6% female

2020: 50.0% female

2021: 51.1% female

 Singapore Quality of life Cross-sectional Questionnaire (proxy-reported) Questionnaire (proxy-reported) Questionnaire (proxy-reported) SB; SL; Total PA Overall; Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Chen et al. [106] 389 11.9 (2.1) 50.1% female China BMI Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Individual; 1-to-1 ISM; Proportional ISM
Chong et al. [107]

X: 127

L: 88

X: 11.7 (0.5)

L: 11.8 (0.4)

Cross-sectional: 57.5% female

Longitudinal: 59.1% female

 Australia Psychosocial health: Internalizing problems, Externalizing problems, Total difficulties, Prosocial behavior, Psychological distress Cross-sectional; Longitudinal Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual
Chong et al. [108] 909 10.4 (0.5) 53.1% female Australia

Psychosocial health: Emotional symptoms, Conduct problems,

Hyperactivity, Peer relationship problems, Prosocial behavior

 Longitudinal Questionnaire (self-reported) Questionnaire (self-reported) Questionnaire (self-reported) Questionnaire (self-reported)

Screen time; SL; Other: Self-care/

Domestic activities, PA, Social, Education, Recreational screen use, Quiet

time, Passive transport

 Overall; Individual; Proportional ISM
Clarke et al. [109] 2838 46.4 51.8% female USA Mortality Longitudinal Device-based Device-based Device-based Questionnaire (self-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual; 1-to-1 ISM; Proportional ISM
Collings et al. [110]a 1046 51.2 (12.2) 53.5% female Luxembourg Waist circumference, Total body fat, Systolic blood pressure, Diastolic blood pressure, Fasting glucose, Triglycerides, HDL-c, Fasting insulin, APoB/A, Cardiometabolic risk score Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; 1-to-1 ISM
Collings et al. [111]a 1001 50.6 (12.2) 53.4% female Luxembourg Arterial stiffness Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA 1-to-1 ISM
Curtis et al. [112] 430 41.3 (11.7) 74% female Australia BMI, HRQoL, Anxiety, Depression, Stress Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; 1-to-1 ISM
Curtis et al. [113] 322 40.4 (5.9) 58.1% female Australia Symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA 1-to-1 ISM
de Faria et al. [114] 217 16.0 49.4% female Brazil Symptoms of depression and anxiety Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Del Pozo Cruz et al. [115] 3233 47.4 (19.5) 52.1% female USA Depressive symptoms Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Questionnaire (self-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Domingues et al. [116] 185 16.0 (1.0) 49.2% female Brazil BMIz Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; 1-to-1 ISM
Dumuid et al. [117] 1728 9–11 56% female Australia, Canada, UK, Finland Body fat % Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA 1-to-1 ISM
Dumuid et al. [118] 122 65.4 (2.9) 61% female Australia Cardio-respiratory fitness (VO2max), BMI, Total cholesterol; Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic); Fasting blood glucose; Waist-to-hip ratio Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; 1-to-1 ISM
Dumuid et al. [119] 5855 9–11 45% female Australia, England, Canada, Finland, Portugal, USA, Brazil, Colombia, China, India, South Africa, Kenya HRQoL Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual; Proportional ISM
Dumuid et al. [120] 971 11.9 (0.4) 50% female Australia Body composition Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; 1-to-1 ISM; Proportional ISM
Dumuid et al. [121] 804 11.9 (0.4) 49.6% female Australia Bone density, Bone geometry, Bone strength Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual; Goldilocks
Dumuid et al. [122] 1182–1137 12 (0.4) 49% female Australia Fitness, Adiposity Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Goldilocks
Dumuid et al. [123] 82

APOE E4 non-carrier: 65.1 (7.7)

APOE E4 carrier: 67.1 (7.1)

APOE E4 non carrier: 58% female

APOE E4 carrier: 64% female

 Australia Cognitive function Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Proportional ISM
Dumuid et al. [35] 2123 14.4 (0.5) 50% female Australia Physical functioning Cross-sectional Questionnaire (self-reported) Questionnaire (self-reported) Questionnaire (self-reported) Screen time; SL; Other: Self-Care, School-Related, Quiet Time, PA, Domestic/Social Activities Overall; Many Different Roads
Fairclough et al. [124] 169 10.3 (0.3) 50.3% female England BMI, Percentage of waist circumference-to-height ratio, Cardiorespiratory fitness, Peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; 1-to-1 ISM
Fairclough et al. [125] 359 11.5 (1.4) 50.7% female England Self-esteem, Depression, Emotional and behavioral problems, Executive function Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Fairclough et al. [65] 301 11.1 (1.6) 60.1% female England Mental health Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MPA; VPA Overall; Individual; Goldilocks
Farrahi et al. [126] 3443 46.6 (0.5) 55.5% female Finland Cardiometabolic health markers: Plasma glucose, Serum insulin, Total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, Triglycerides Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Questionnaire (self-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual; 1-to-1 ISM; Proportional ISM
Feter et al. [127] 8608 58.9 (8.6) 55.9% female Brazil Cognitive function Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Questionnaire (self-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA 1-to-1 ISM; Proportional ISM
Franssen et al. [128] 61 33.6 (10.7) 33% female Belgium Cardiovascular health: Systolic and diastolic BP, Mean arterial pressure, Resting heart rate, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, Triglycerides, Clustered cardiometabolic risk score; Glucose tolerance: Fasting glucose, Fasting insulin, glucose 120 min, Insulin 120 min, Matsuda index, Insulinogenic index, Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, Homeostatic model assessment of insulin sensitivity, Muscle insulin sensitivity index; Waist circumference, Fat mass percentage, Cardiorespiratory fitness Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA; Standing Individual
Gupta et al. [129] 827 45 (10) 46% female Denmark Blood pressure Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual; Proportional ISM
Gupta et al. [130] 669 45.1 (9.9) 45% female Denmark Systolic and diastolic blood pressure Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Questionnaire (self-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Proportional ISM
Gupta et al. [131] 929 44.9 (9.7) 45% female Denmark Long-term sickness absence Longitudinal Device-based Device-based Device-based Questionnaire (self-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA; Standing Overall; Individual; Proportional ISM
Gupta et al. [132] 807 45.1 (9.7) 54.4% male Denmark Obesity: Waist circumference, BMI, Fat % Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Questionnaire (self-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA; Standing Other: Latent profile analysis
Healy et al. [53] 28 13.7 (3.0) 76.7% male USA BMI Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA 1-to-1 ISM; Proportional ISM
Hofman et al. [133] 1943 70.9 (9.3) 51.6% female Netherlands Depressive symptoms, Anxiety symptoms Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA 1-to-1 ISM
Hyodo et al. [56] 76 75.8 63% female Japan Executive function Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Questionnaire (self-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MPA

Individual;

1-to-1 ISM
Kandola et al. [134] 60,235 55.9 (7.7) 56% female England, Scotland, Wales Depressive symptoms, Anxiety symptoms Longitudinal Device-based Device-based Device-based Questionnaire (self-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA

Individual;

1-to-1 ISM
Kastelic et al. [135] 2333 18–44; 45–64; 65+ 74% female Slovenia Lower back pain frequency, Lower back pain intensity Cross-sectional Questionnaire (self-reported) Questionnaire (self-reported) Questionnaire (self-reported) Questionnaire (self-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; 1-to-1 ISM
Kim et al. [59] 1247 50.1 (12.5) 57.3% female USA BMI Cross-sectional Device-based; Questionnaire (self-reported) Device-based; Questionnaire (self-reported) Device-based; Questionnaire (self-reported) Device-based; Questionnaire (self-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Kitano et al. [136] 1095 50.2 (9.5) 68.6% female Japan Psychological distress Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Questionnaire (self-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Kuzik et al. [137] 95 45 (0.7) 30.5% female Canada

Physical development: Motor skills, Adiposity, Growth;

Cognitive development: Response inhibition, Visual-spatial working memory, language; Social-emotional development: Sociability, Externalizing problems, internalizing problems, Prosocial behaviour, Cognitive self-regulation, Emotional self-regulation, Behavioural self-regulation

 Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Larisch et al. [138] 348–370 41 (9) 68% female Sweden Depression, Anxiety, Wellbeing Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Questionnaire (self-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Lau et al. [139] 426 3.8 (0.6) 45.8% female China Executive function Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Questionnaire (proxy-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Le et al. [140] 361 22.6 (5.3) 72.5% female Australia Daily affect Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA; Other: Time awake in bed Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Lee et al. [141] 136 73 (2) 100% female USA Metabolic syndrome Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Lemos et al. [142] 270 4.0 (0.8) 51% female Brazil Physical fitness: Cardiorespiratory fitness, Speed-agility, Lower body muscular strength Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Questionnaire (proxy-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; 1-to-1 ISM
Lewthwaite et al. [63] 95 70.5 (6.8) 37% female Australia Breathlessness, Anxiety and depressive symptoms, HRQoL Longitudinal Questionnaire (self-reported) Questionnaire (self-reported) Questionnaire (self-reported) Questionnaire (self-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; 1-to-1 ISM; Proportional ISM
Lin et al. [143] 2375 20 50% female USA Depressive symptoms Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Individual
Lu et al. [144] 135 4.6 (0.5) 49.63% male China Executive function Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Questionnaire (proxy-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Lund Rasmussen et al. [145] 659 13.9 (2.8) 48.5% female Czech Republic BMI, Adiposity Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Goldilocks
Madden et al. [146] 54 71.4 (0.6) 56% female Canada Waist circumference, Triglycerides, HDL, Systolic blood pressure, Fasting glucose, Continuous metabolic syndrome risk score Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual
Marshall et al. [147] 37 11.9 (1.6) 57% male Wales Anthropometrics, Arterial stiffness, Cardiac autonomic activity Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Marshall et al. [148] 101 12.4 (1.6) 45% female Wales Arterial stiffness Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Questionnaire (self-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Matricciani et al. [149] Children:1073; Adults: 1378

Children: 12.0 (0.4)

Parents: 44.0 (5.1)

Children: 50% males

Parents: 13% males

 Australia BMI, Systolic blood pressure, Diastolic blood pressure, Metabolic syndrome severity score, Glycoprotein acetyls, Apolipoprotein B/A1 Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual; 1-to-1 ISM; Proportional ISM
McGee et al. [150] 119 5.7 (0.2) 47% female Canada Body composition Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Questionnaire (proxy-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
McGregor et al. [151] 7776

Adults: 41.3 (0.2)

Older Adults: 69.3 (0.3)

Adults: 50.4% male

Older Adults: 47.6% male

 Canada BMI, Waist circumference, Aerobic fitness, Resting heart rate, HDL cholesterol, Triglycerides, Blood glucose, Insulin levels Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Questionnaire (self-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Individual
McGregor et al. [152] 1468 63.1 (0.2) 48.3% female USA Mortality Longitudinal Device-based Device-based Device-based Questionnaire (self-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Mellow et al. [153] 384 65.5 (3.0) 68.5% female Australia Cognitive function Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual
Mellow et al. [154] 378 65.6 (3.0) 67.5% female Australia

Cognitive function: Long-term memory, Executive function, Processing speed;

Brain gray matter: Total, lateral ventricle, bilateral frontal lobe, bilateral temporal lobe and bilateral hippocampus volumes

 Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; 1-to-1 ISM; Proportional ISM
Migueles et al. [155] 93 10 (1) 40% female Spain Gray matter volume (left and right hippocampus) Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Migueles et al. [156] X: 315; L: 201 4.5 (0.1), 9.6 (0.1) N/R Sweden Body composition, BMI, Cardiorespiratory fitness, Motor skills, Muscular fitness Longitudinal Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual
Mitchell et al. [157] 4481 47 (0.6) 52% female England, Scotland, Wales Cognition Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Mota et al. [158] 204 4.5 (0.8) 50.5% female Brazil Fundamental movement skills Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Questionnaire (proxy-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; 1-to-1 ISM
Murray et al. [159] 770 20.4 (0.7) 55% female Canada Depressive symptoms, Self-rated mental health Cross-sectional Questionnaire (self-reported) Questionnaire (self-reported) Questionnaire (self-reported) Questionnaire (self-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Ng et al. [160] 1,179 12.0 (0.4) 49% female Australia Adiposity, HRQoL Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Individual; 1-to-1 ISM; Proportional ISM
Niemelä et al. [161] 4147 53 58% female Finland Major adverse cardiac events Longitudinal Device-based Device-based Device-based Questionnaire (self-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Olds et al. [58] 105 62.3 (4.3) 51.4% female Australia Mental health: Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Well-being, Life satisfaction, Self-esteem Longitudinal Questionnaire (self-reported) Questionnaire (self-reported) Questionnaire (self-reported) Questionnaire (self-reported) Screen time; SL; Other: Transport, Work, PA, Chores, Self-care, Quiet time, Social/Domestic Activities Overall; 1-to-1 ISM
Oviedo-Caro et al. [162] 130 32.8 (4.5) 100% female Spain Adiposity, Cardiorespiratory fitness Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; 1-to-1 ISM
Pina et al. [163] Scotland: 150; South Africa: 138 60–85 78% & 82% female Scotland, South Africa Musculoskeletal health: Muscle strength, Muscle mass, Physical performance, and Bone mineral density Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual
Powell et al. [164] 366 4.6 (5.3) 46% female Ireland Cardiometabolic health markers Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA; Standing Individual; 1-to-1 ISM; Proportional ISM
Rees-Punia et al. [165] 549 30–65 58% female USA Weight change Longitudinal Device-based Device-based Device-based Questionnaire (self-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MPA; VPA Overall; Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Runacres et al. [166] 176 13.8 (1.8) 47.7% female UK Aerobic fitness (VO2 max) Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MPA; VPA Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Sampasa-Kanyinga et al. [57] 14,620 14.9 (1.2) 65.1% female Canada Depressive symptoms Longitudinal Questionnaire (self-reported) Questionnaire (self-reported) Questionnaire (self-reported) Screen time; SL; MVPA Individual; 1-to-1 ISM; Proportional ISM
Sandborg et al. [167]

X: 273

L: 242

 31 (4) 100% female Sweden Cardiometabolic health, Body composition Cross-sectional; Longitudinal Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Individual; 1-to-1 ISM; Proportional ISM
Segura-Jiménez et al. [168] 296 12.8 (2.4) 49% female Spain Inflammatory markers: CRP, C3, C4, Leptin, TNF-α, IL-6, Adiponectin Longitudinal Device-based Device-based Device-based Questionnaire (self-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA 1-to-1 ISM
Smith et al. [169] 258 9.7 (0.5) 48.4% male Iran, England Fundamental movement skills Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Smith et al. [170] 34 66.9 (4.5) 56% male Australia Neuroplasticity Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual
St Laurent et al. [171] 388 51.5 (9.5) months 44.6% female USA Cognition, Social-emotional health Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Goldilocks
Su et al. [172] 1475 20.7 (1.60) 68% female China Depression symptoms Cross-sectional Questionnaire (self-reported) Questionnaire (self-reported) Questionnaire (self-reported) Questionnaire (self-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; 1-to-1 ISM
Suorsa et al. [173] 213 63.5 (1.1) 82% female Finland BMI, Waist circumference Longitudinal Device-based Device-based Device-based Questionnaire (self-reported) SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Swindell et al. [174] 1462 52.8 (11.1) 66% female Denmark, Finland, The Netherlands, UK, Spain, Bulgaria, Australia, New Zealand Cardiometabolic risk factors: BMI, Waist circumference, Body fat %, Triglycerides, Glucose fasting, Glucose 2 h, Insulin, HOMA-IR, HDL-C, LDL-C, Total cholesterol, hs-CRP, HbA1c, Systolic BP, Diastolic BP Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; 1-to-1 ISM
Talarico et al. [175] 434 10–13 50.2% female Canada BMIz, Waist circumference, Log fat mass index Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual; Proportional ISM
Tan et al. [176] 370 8–10 50.5% female Singapore HRQoL Cross-sectional; Longitudinal Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Taylor et al. [55] 380 1, 2, 3.5, 5 48.5, 43.7, 46.3, and 49.2% female New Zealand Body composition, Bone health Cross-sectional; Longitudinal Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Individual; Proportional ISM
Taylor et al. [177] 690 7.9 (1.1) 51.5% female New Zealand BMI Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA; Other: WASO Proportional ISM
Taylor et al. [178] 392 3.5, 5 50% female New Zealand Psychosocial and mental health Longitudinal Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Proportional ISM
Tyler et al. [179] 359 11.5 (1.4) 49.3% male England Motor competence Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Vanderlinden et al. [180] 410 71.3 (6.3) 71% female Belgium Mental well-being Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual; 1-to-1 ISM
Verhoog et al. [181] 1934 70.9 (9.3) 51.5% female Netherlands HRQoL Cross-sectional Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA 1-to-1 ISM
Walmsley et al. [182] 87498 40–79 58% female UK Cardiovascular disease Longitudinal Device-based Device-based Device-based Device-based SB; SL; LPA; MVPA 1-to-1 ISM; Proportional ISM
Wang et al. [183] 437 20.1 (1.7) 51.7% female China Depression, Anxiety, Stress Longitudinal Questionnaire (self-reported) Questionnaire (self-reported) Questionnaire (self-reported) Questionnaire (self-reported) SB; Screen time; SL; LPA; MVPA Overall; Individual; 1-to-1 ISM

1Age in months indicated if not reported in years

aAlso examined 5-part composition with prolonged and non-prolonged sedentary behavior

N/R not reported, X cross-sectional, L longitudinal, HRQoL Health related quality of life, LPA light physical activity, MVPA moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, SB Sedentary behavior, SL sleep, WASO wake after sleep onset