Table 4. PIMs Applied to REE Extraction and Separationa.
| base polymer | extractant | REs | extraction study | ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CTA | β-diketones | Sc3+, Y3+, La3+, Pr3+, Sm3+, Tb3+, Er3+, Lu3+ | studied the pH effects on transport and flux of selected REEs through the PIM | (139) |
| TODGA | Ce3+ | studied and modeled the extraction and transport of Ce3+ | (140) | |
| Ce3+ | PIMs formed as a hollow fiber and used to transport Ce3+ | (141) | ||
| La3+, Eu3+, Lu3+ | studied the flux and separation factors of selected REEs via transport through the PIM | (142) | ||
| noncyclic carriers | Ce3+ | synthesized noncyclic carriers, which were applied to PIMs used for the transport of Ce3+ | (130) | |
| EHEHPA, Versatic 10 | Sc3+ | studied the separation of Sc3+ from other REEs | (143) | |
| amic carriers | Sc3+ | studied the separation of Sc3+ from other REEs | (144) | |
| Cyphos IL 104 | La3+ | separated Ce3+ via selective transport in the presence of La3+, Cu2+, Co2+, and Ni2+ | (131) | |
| D2EHPA and TBP | La3+, Ce3+ | separated La3+ and Ce3+ via selective transport across the PIM | (145) | |
| PVC | D2EHPA | La3+, Gd3+, Yb3+ | characterized the extraction of selected REEs from sulfuric acid solutions | (129) |
| D2EHPA and Cyanex 272 | Eu3+ | applied a combination of D2EHPA and Cyanex 272 for Eu3+ extraction from nitric acid solutions | (146) | |
| PVDF | [A336][P507] | Lu3+, Yb3+ | PIM applied to the separation of Yb3+ and Lu3+ by membrane transport | (132) |
| Cyphos IL 104 | Lu3+, Yb3+ | PIM applied to the separation of Yb3+ and Lu3+ by membrane transport | (133) | |
| P227 | La3+, Sm3+, Lu3+ | studied and characterized the extraction of selected REEs | (134) | |
| Lu3+ | studied extraction and transport of Lu3+ through the PIM | (135) | ||
| Cyanex 272 | Nd3+, Dy3+, Sm3+ | applied natural deep eutectic solvents to the phase inversion fabrication of PVDF-based PIMs containing Cyanex 272 | (136) | |
| PVDF-EVOH | Cyanex 272 | Lu3+ | fabricated PIMs using new base polymer and characterized extraction of Lu3+ | (137) |
a
Abbreviations: Cellulose triacetate (CTA), di-2,4,4-trimethylpentylphosphinic acid (Cyanex 272), di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA), di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphinic acid (P227), 2-ethylhexyl hydrogen-2-ethylhexylphoshonate (EHEHPA), N,N,N′,N′-tetraoctyl diglycolamide (TODGA), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), tributyl phosphate (TBP), trialkylmethylammonium di(2-ethylhelxyl) orthophosphinate ([A336][P507]), and trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate (Cyphos IL 104).