Table A2.
Extent of Matching Bias Across the Observable Correlates.
| Variable | Community-Level Education | Media Message | Both Mediums of Communication | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treated | Control | %Bias | t test | Treated | Control | %Bias | t test | Treated | Control | %Bias | t test | |
| Basic education (Ref: None) | .193 | .145 | 12.100 | 1.310 | .193 | .198 | −1.100 | −.160 | .195 | .128 | 16.800 | 1.580 |
| Secondary plus | .493 | .517 | −4.800 | −.490 | .493 | .583 | −18.000 | −2.520 | .490 | .490 | .000 | .000 |
| Age | 30.855 | 30.266 | 8.400 | .840 | 30.855 | 30.314 | 7.700 | 1.110 | 30.550 | 30.852 | −4.300 | −.370 |
| Household head (Ref: Other) | .208 | .145 | 17.000 | 1.680 | .208 | .137 | 19.100 | 2.780 | .175 | .201 | −7.300 | −.590 |
| Spouse | .623 | .672 | −10.100 | −1.030 | .623 | .678 | −11.500 | −1.620 | .691 | .698 | −1.400 | −.130 |
| Ethnicity – Akan (Ref: Ewe) | .005 | .005 | .000 | .000 | .005 | .057 | −34.100 | −3.240 | .007 | .000 | 4.300 | 1.000 |
| Ethnicity – Ga-Dangme | .101 | .082 | 6.200 | .680 | .101 | .092 | 3.000 | .440 | .034 | .047 | −4.300 | −.590 |
| Ethnicity – Guan | .010 | .010 | .000 | .000 | .010 | .032 | −14.400 | −1.790 | .013 | .007 | 4.400 | .580 |
| Ethnicity – Mole-Dagbani | .353 | .367 | −3.200 | −.310 | .353 | .243 | 24.000 | 3.510 | .376 | .376 | .000 | .000 |
| Ethnicity – Grusi | .101 | .092 | 3.800 | .330 | .101 | .036 | 25.400 | 4.570 | .087 | .101 | −5.200 | −.400 |
| Ethnicity – Gurma | .072 | .063 | 3.400 | .390 | .072 | .049 | 8.100 | 1.440 | .081 | .101 | −7.100 | −.600 |
| Ethnicity – Mande | .048 | .072 | −14.200 | −1.030 | .048 | .017 | 18.100 | 3.080 | .067 | .054 | 7.900 | .480 |
| Ethnicity – Other | .019 | .010 | 6.100 | .820 | .019 | .029 | −6.400 | −.830 | .013 | .007 | 4.300 | .580 |
| Poor | .594 | .599 | −1.000 | −.100 | .594 | .411 | 37.000 | 5.160 | .597 | .550 | 9.500 | .820 |
| Urban | .300 | .329 | −6.100 | −.630 | .300 | .495 | −41.200 | −5.440 | .329 | .315 | 2.800 | .250 |
| Western region (Ref: Greater Accra) | .024 | .029 | −2.200 | −.300 | .024 | .065 | −18.300 | −2.350 | .020 | .040 | −9.000 | −1.010 |
| Central region | .116 | .101 | 4.900 | .470 | .116 | .117 | −.400 | −.050 | .128 | .081 | 15.800 | 1.330 |
| Volta region | .092 | .077 | 4.800 | .530 | .092 | .064 | 9.100 | 1.530 | .020 | .027 | −2.200 | −.380 |
| Eastern region | .024 | .024 | .000 | .000 | .024 | .082 | −25.800 | −2.990 | .020 | .013 | 3.000 | .450 |
| Ashanti region | .068 | .072 | −1.700 | −.190 | .068 | .122 | −19.000 | −2.320 | .060 | .087 | −9.400 | −.880 |
| Brong–Ahafo region | .092 | .097 | −1.700 | −.170 | .092 | .099 | −2.300 | −.320 | .107 | .134 | −9.200 | −.710 |
| Northern region | .082 | .082 | .000 | .000 | .082 | .085 | −.700 | −.120 | .107 | .101 | 2.000 | .190 |
| Upper East region | .261 | .266 | −1.300 | −.110 | .261 | .138 | 32.800 | 4.790 | .336 | .336 | .000 | .000 |
| Upper West region | .198 | .227 | −8.600 | −.720 | .198 | .071 | 37.700 | 6.500 | .161 | .175 | −4.000 | −.310 |
Source: Authors’ computation based on data from MIC 2016.