Table 1.

Input/output indicators for DEA analysis

Indicator	DEA analysis	Definition
Total labor force	Input	Number of individuals who can work and meet the requirements for inclusive employment; used as an input for the efficiency analysis
Consumption expenditure	Input	Used as an input for the efficiency analysis, because the amount of money spent on final goods and services can increase desirable outputs and reduce undesirable outputs
Traffic	Input	Used as an important factor for the efficiency analysis, because it can produce dual outputs, such as GDP and deaths caused by traffic accidents
Transport infrastructure	Input	Facilities for travelers; quality of transport infrastructure can generate desirable and undesirable outputs; poor transport infrastructure quality can generate undesirable outputs; important for measuring efficiency
Health expenditure	Input	Important factor for efficiency analysis, because spending on health-oriented products can enhance life expectancy, as well as GDP incrementally
GDP	Desirable output	Desirable output that can affect economic development, including life expectancy; high GDP level can positively impact health performance
Life expectancy rate	Desirable output	Desirable output indicating the expected average life of individuals in term of number of years; important factor for analyzing the performance of a health system
Mortality rate	Undesirable output	State of being dead; intended/condition for death owing to different factors, such as congested traffic or poor transport infrastructure (e.g., accidents); undesirable output that can influence the performance of a health system
Morbidity rate	Undesirable output	State of having an illness/disease or mental or physical symptoms of a disease; may facilitate the poor performance of a health system

Source: author’s derivation