Skip to main content
. 2024 Oct 3;14:80. doi: 10.1186/s13561-024-00544-0

Table 10.

Endogeneity

VARIABLES ETHE EHE THE
First-differences Orthogonal First-differences Orthogonal First-differences Orthogonal
ETHEt-1 0.091c 0.084c - - - -
(0.024) (0.006) - - - -
EHEt-1 - - 0.076c 0.053c - -
- - (0.035) 0.003) - -
THEt-1 - - - - 0.068c 0.027c
- - - - (0.035) (0.055)
GOVi,t -0.168 0.143a 9.864c 3.260c 9.792c 3.920c
(0.354) (0.123) (0.514) (0.650) (0.514) (0.65)
MGi,t 0.003a 0.0193 1.420c -1.290c 1.94c -1.470c
(2.381) (0.165) (0.471) (0.868) (0.467) (0.868)
(0.042) (0.010) (0.032) (0.010) (0.021) (0.031)
PMEi,t -0.993 -0.127 -2.16c -1.68c -2.17c -1.67c
(0.067) (0.136) (0.549) (0.714) (0.547) (0.714)
MIFi,t 0.405b 0.004a 13.48c -11.43c 13.48c -11.57c
(0.576) (0.099) (0.836) (0.525) (0.835) (0.525)
year -0.068c 0.002 -2.813c -3.046c -2.816c -2.716c
(0.018) (0.019) 0.026) (0.104) (0.026) (0.103)
Constant 3.350 6.077c 5.997c
(0.410) (0.800) (0.208)
Sargan stat 547.56 6548.41 342.13
Turning point 8.243 0.192 1.527 1.348 2.928 1.232
Observations 665 700 665 700 665 700
Number of DMU 35 35 35 35 35 35

Source: author’s calculations

The signs a, b, and c shows the significance level at 1%, 5% and 10% respectively