Figure 1. Pathways to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-targeting at-risk populations for surveillance. Alcohol, steatotic or fatty liver disease (FLD), haemochromatosis (Fe) and infection with hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus cause liver inflammation and fibrosis. If left untreated, this can progress to liver cirrhosis and one-third of all patients with cirrhosis will develop HCC. We will target this at-risk population for HCC early detection. Of note however, while 90% of HCC develops on a background of cirrhosis, transformation can occur independently of cirrhosis; in particular, up to 50% of patients with MASLD (NAFLD)-linked HCC will not have cirrhosis. MASLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.