Table 3.

A comparison of the photocatalytic activity between the current study and other published works.

material	dye	catalyst amount (g)	dye conc. (ppm)	pH	type of light	illumination time (min)	effectiveness (%)	ref.
TiO2 NPsMO	MO	0.15	15	3	100 W UV lamp	300	99.8	[55]
TiO2 NPs	MO	0.10	5	—	182 W UV lamp	240	41.1	[56]
TiO2 spheres	MO	0.02	10	7	32 W Hg lamp	140	89.7	[57]
TiO2/ASS	MO	0.2	25	7	UV lamp	360	90	[58]
Ag/MoO3/TiO2	MO	0.12	10	7	UV irradiation	330	75.8	[59]
C, N, S–Fe–TiO2	MO	0.5	10	—	6 W visible lamp	180	25	[53]
M/TiO2 (M = Mn, Ni, Co)	MO	—	8	—	300 W lamp that simulates solar radiation	600	60	[60]
NiSO4/TiO2	MO	1 g l−1	10	5.8	UV irradiation	120	31	[54]
TiO2–Ag–WO3	methylene blue	0.5	10	7	121 W visible light source	60	72	[61]
TiO2–Au–WO3	methylene blue	0.02	30	—	300 W xenon lamps	240	94.5	[62]
TiO2-F–WO3	MO	0.12	10	3	100 W UV irradiation	330	99.68	[63]
Au/N–TiO2	MO	0.025	10	7	visible light	240	99.9	this work