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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Oct 3.
Published in final edited form as: Open J Educ Res. 2024 Sep 5;4(5):243–255. doi: 10.31586/ojer.2024.1056

Table 1.

Descriptive Data Overall and by Caste (n = 273,304)

All Upper Caste (n = 133347) Scheduled Caste (n = 139957)
n % n % n %
Education*
Primary 86901 31.8 30391 22.8 56510 40.4
Secondary 140370 51.4 72021 54.0 68349 48.8
Higher 46033 16.8 30935 23.2 15098 10.8
Scheduled Caste
No 133347 48.8 133347 100.0 - -
Yes 139957 51.2 - - 139957 100.0
Religion*
Hindu 220377 80.6 96307 72.2 124070 88.6
Muslim 29971 11.0 26930 20.2 3041 2.2
Christian 5300 1.9 2572 1.9 2728 1.9
Sikh 13180 4.8 5957 4.5 7223 5.2
Buddhist / Neo-Buddhist 2960 1.1 382 .3 2578 1.8
Jain 608 .2 578 .4 30 .0
Jewish 2 .0 2 .0 0 .0
Parsi / Zoroastrian 30 .0 3 .0 27 .0
No religion 34 .0 14 .0 20 .0
Other 842 .3 602 .5 240 .2
Urban*
No 195131 71.40 87631 65.7 107500 76.8
Yes 78173 28.60 45716 34.3 32457 23.2
Location / State*
Jammu & Kashmir 13971 5.1 12029 9.0 1942 1.4
Himachal Pradesh 7562 2.8 4963 3.7 2599 1.9
Punjab 17965 6.6 7859 5.9 10106 7.2
Chandigarh 604 .2 401 .3 203 .1
Uttarakhand 9954 3.6 7146 5.4 2808 2.0
Haryana 14941 5.5 8419 6.3 6522 4.7
Nct Of Delhi 8094 3.0 5271 4.0 2823 2.0
Rajasthan 16241 5.9 7123 5.3 9118 6.5
Uttar Pradesh 40819 14.9 17918 13.4 22901 16.4
Bihar 16878 6.2 6560 4.9 10318 7.4
Sikkim 333 .1 145 .1 188 .1
Arunachal Pradesh 2396 .9 1056 .8 1340 1.0
Nagaland 209 .1 19 .0 190 .1
Manipur 2739 1.0 2212 1.7 527 .4
Mizoram 226 .1 1 .0 225 .2
Tripura 2378 .9 750 .6 1628 1.2
Meghalaya 439 .2 243 .2 196 .1
Assam 8312 3.0 3963 3.0 4349 3.1
West Bengal 12072 4.4 5820 4.4 6252 4.5
Jharkhand 6282 2.3 2167 1.6 4115 2.9
Odisha 10016 3.7 4294 3.2 5722 4.1
Chhattisgarh 4422 1.6 1050 .8 3372 2.4
Madhya Pradesh 14276 5.2 6353 4.8 7923 5.7
Gujarat 9338 3.4 5215 3.9 4123 2.9
Dadra & Nagar Haveli And Daman & Diu 718 .3 431 .3 287 .2
Maharashtra 16058 5.9 10275 7.7 5783 4.1
Andhra Pradesh 4640 1.7 2225 1.7 2415 1.7
Karnataka 8463 3.1 2047 1.5 6416 4.6
Goa 663 .2 534 .4 129 .1
Lakshadweep 78 .0 47 .0 31 .0
Kerala 4072 1.5 2791 2.1 1281 .9
Tamil Nadu 7626 2.8 393 .3 7233 5.2
Puducherry 928 .3 282 .2 646 .5
Andaman & Nicobar Islands 1145 .4 1129 .8 16 .0
Telangana 8359 3.1 2167 1.6 6192 4.4
Ladakh 87 .0 49 .0 38 .0
Low Wealth*
No 176557 64.6 102873 77.1 73684 52.6
Yes 96747 35.4 30474 22.9 66273 47.4
*

p<0.05 for comparison of Castes