Fig 1. Map of Ngorongoro Conservation Area and the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem, northern Tanzania.

Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA, black outline) is a large component of the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem (blue outline), Tanzania. While most of the NCA is multi-use, allowing pastoralists to coexist with wildlife, there are several areas reserved for wildlife only (in orange). The area of this study (dotted black line) encompassed around 4,800 km² of the central expanse of the NCA, from and including the Ngorongoro Crater westward to Ndutu and the border of Serengeti National Park to the north. Basemap reprinted from ESA WorldCover project 2020 under a CC BY 4.0 license.