Table 2. Results of the mixed effect models estimating the fixed effects of group, campus familiarity, and sex on five performance measures.
| (a) Wayfinding distance | (b) Wayfinding duration | (c) Movement speed | (d) Number of map views | (e) Number of orientation stops | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed effects | |||||||||||||||
| Est/Beta | 95% CI | p | Est/Beta | 95% CI | p | Est/Beta | 95% CI | p | Est/Beta | 95% CI | p | Est/Beta | 95% CI | p | |
| (Intercept) | 5.368 | 5.007; 5.729 | < .001 | 5.120 | 4.771; 5.468 | < .001 | 1.310 | 1.196; 1.424 | < .001 | -0.655 | -0.384; 0.758 | .195 | 0.187 | -0.384; 0.758 | .521 |
| Group YA | -0.127 | -0.230; -0.024 | .018 | -0.283 | -0.420; -0.146 | < .001 | 0.223 | 0.123; 0.323 | < .001 | -1.243 | -1.470; -0.369 | .016 | -0.919 | -1.470; -0.369 | .001 |
| Group SCD | 0.071 | -0.038; 0.179 | .208 | 0.128 | -0.017; 0.273 | .088 | -0.048 | -0.153; 0.056 | .371 | 0.820 | 0.184; 1.157 | .059 | 0.670 | 0.184; 1.157 | .006 |
| Familiarity | -0.003 | -0.009; 0.002 | .219 | -0.008 | -0.015; -0.001 | .038 | 0.006 | 0.001; 0.011 | .031 | -0.048 | -0.033; 0.019 | .050 | -0.007 | -0.033; 0.019 | .595 |
| Sex Female | 0.102 | 0.016; 0.188 | .023 | 0.139 | 0.025; 0.253 | .020 | -0.054 | -0.137; 0.029 | .203 | 0.183 | -0.105; 0.707 | .618 | 0.301 | -0.105; 0.707 | .146 |
| Random effects | |||||||||||||||
| Variance | SD | Variance | SD | Variance | SD | Variance | SD | Variance | SD | ||||||
| Participant | 0.003 | 0.055 | 0.022 | 0.148 | 0.028 | 0.168 | 1.246 | 1.116 | 0.402 | 0.634 | |||||
| Track | 0.154 | 0.393 | 0.130 | 0.361 | 0.002 | 0.130 | 0.003 | 0.063 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||
| Model fit | |||||||||||||||
| Delta AIC | -9.25 | -25.34 | -23.32 | -14.1 | -25.94 | ||||||||||
| (Marginal / Pseudo) R2 | 0.033 | 0.108 | 0.277 | 0.265 | 0.268 | ||||||||||
For all models, random intercepts were estimated per participant and track and confidence intervals were calculated using the Wald method. Model equations: performance measure ~ group + familiarity + sex + (1|participant) + (1|track). Performance measures were the (a) log-transformed wayfinding distance; (b) log-transformed wayfinding duration; (c) movement speed, (d) number of map views, and (e) number of orientation stops. P-values for fixed effects in the LME models (a-c) were calculated using the Satterthwaite’s approximation for degrees of freedom. For LME models (a-c) marginal R2 is reported. The GME models (d-e) were calculated using the maximum likelihood estimation and Pseudo R2 was calculated. For (d), a zero-inflated negative binomial distribution and for (e), a zero-inflated poisson distribution of the data was assessed and a log link function applied. Bold font indicates significant effects; italic font indicates statistical trends.