Table 1. Characteristics of included studies.
| a. TB PREVALENCE | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Data extractors (Date) | Author (Year) | Study design (Study setting) | Sampling strategy | Diagnostic tool | Exposure definition | Geographic location | Sample size | Age group | Female (%) | PWH (%) |
| L.H.; A.J. (01.03.2023) | Lawn (2011) [35] | Cross-sectional (Outpatient) | Convenience sampling | Bacterial culture | Township population | Gugulethu Township, Cape Town | 468 | Adults | 66 | 100 |
| L.H.; A.J. (04.03.2023) | Lawn (2017) [36] | Cross-sectional (Hospital) | Convenience sampling | Automated NAAT; Bacterial culture | Township population | G.F. Jooste Hospital, Cape Town | 427 | Adults | 61 | 100 |
| L.H.; A.J. (07.03.2023) | Lawn (2011) [37] | Cross-sectional (Outpatient) | Convenience sampling | Bacterial culture | Township population | Gugulethu Township, Cape Town | 542 | Adults | 64 | 100 |
| L.H.; A.J. (21.03.2023) | Dawson (2010) [38] | Cross-sectional (Outpatient) | Convenience sampling | Bacterial culture | Township population | Gugulethu Township, Cape Town | 235 | Adults | 73 | 100 |
| L.H.; A.J. (21.03.2023) | Kranzer (2012) [39] | Cross-sectional (Outpatient) | Convenience sampling | Bacterial culture | Township population | Peri-urban areas, Cape Town | 1,011 | Adults | 64 | 47 |
| L.H.; A.J. (01.03.2023) | Cox (2010) [40] | Cross-sectional (Outpatient) | Convenience sampling | Bacterial culture | Township population | Khayelitsha, Cape Town | 1,630 | Adults | NR | 55–71* |
| L.H.; A.J. (28.02.2023) | Middelkoop (2010) [41] | Cross-sectional (Home) | Population-based sampling | Sputum smear microscopy Bacterial culture | Township population | Cape Town | 1,250 | Adults (≥ 15 years) | 48 | 25 |
| L.H.; A.J. (02.03.2023) | Van Rie (2018) [42] | Cross-sectional (Home) | Population-based sampling | Automated NAAT Self-report | Township population | Diepsloot, Johannesburg | 1,231 | Adults (≥ 15 years) | 54 | 8.4 (New diagnosis) |
| L.H.; A.J. (07.03.2023) | Yates (2018) [43] | Cross-sectional (Home) | Population-based sampling | Bacterial culture | Low SES† | 8 communities, Western Cape | 15,036 | Adults | NR | 9.9‡ |
| L.H.; A.J. (01.03.2023) | Govender (2010) [44] | Cross-sectional (Home) | Unclear | Self-report (Household survey) | Informal population | Low-cost housing communities, Cape Town | 370 | All ages | 50 | 3 |
| L.H.; A.J. (28.02.2023) | Cramm (2011) [45] | Cross-sectional (Home) | Population-based sampling | Self-report (Household survey) | Township population | Grahamstown, Eastern Cape | 977 | Adults | NR | NR |
| L.H.; A.J. (03.03.2023) | Booi (2022) [46] | Cross-sectional (Home) | Population-based sampling | Self-report (Household survey) | Township population | Mamelodi, Gauteng | 114,348 | NR | NR | NR |
| b. LTBI PREVALENCE | ||||||||||
| L.H.; A.J. (04.03.2023) | Ncayiyana. (2015) [47] | Cross-sectional (Home) | Population-based sampling | TST (≥5mm in PLWH, ≥10mm in others) | Township population | Diepsloot, Johannesburg | 446 | All ages | 60 | 18 |
| L.H.; A.J. (01.03.2023) | Wood (2010) [48] | Cross-sectional (Outpatient) | Population-based sampling | TST (≥10mm) | Township population | Cape Town | 1,061 | 5–17 (78); 18–40 years (22) | NR | 0 |
| L.H.; A.J. (02.03.2023) | Middelkoop (2014) [49] | Cross-sectional (Outpatient) | Population-based sampling | TST (≥10mm) | Township population | Cape Town | 1,100 | 5–22 years | 50 | 0 |
| L.H.; A.J. (04.03.2023) | Du Preez (2011) [50] | Cross-sectional (Home) | Convenience sampling | TST (≥10mm) | Township population | Uitsig/Ravensmead, Cape Town | 196 | 3 months- 15 years | 48 | 0 |
| L.H.; A.J. (02.03.2023) | Bunyasi (2019) [51] | Cross-sectional (Outpatient) | Convenience sampling | IGRA | Low SES§ | Cape Town | 5,929 | 12–19 years | NR | NR |
| c. TB INCIDENCE | ||||||||||
| L.H.; A.J. (03.03.2023) | Gupta (2012) [52] | Prospective cohort (Outpatient) | Convenience sampling | Various diagnostic tools (Incl. bacterial culture) | Township population | Gugulethu Township, Cape Town | 1,544 | Adults (≥ 16 years) | 70 | 100 |
| L.H.; A.J. (02.03.2023) | Martinez (2017) [53] | Prospective cohort (Outpatient) | Population-based sampling | Various diagnostic tools | Township population | Paarl, Cape Town | 915 | Children (Birth-5 years) | 49 | <1 |
| L.H.; A.J. (03.03.2023) | Wood (2010) [54] | Retrospective cohort (Outpatient) | Convenience sampling | Various diagnostic tools (Incl. bacterial culture and sputum smear microscopy) | Township population | Cape Town | 14,788 | All ages | NR | NR |
| L.H.; A.J. (09.08.2023) | Naidoo (2014) [55] | Prospective cohort (Outpatient) | Convenience sampling | Various diagnostic tools (Incl. bacterial culture) | Township population | Vulindlela, KwaZulu-Natal | 969 | Adults | 68 | 100 |
| L.H.; A.J. (07.03.2023) | Ilunga (2020) [56] | Prospective cohort (Home) | Population-based sampling | Self-report | Township population | Mamelodi, Gauteng | 184,351 | All ages | NR | NR |
| d. LTBI INCIDENCE | ||||||||||
| L.H.; A.J. (02.03.2023) | Middelkoop (2014) [49] | Retrospective cohort (Outpatient) | Population-based sampling | TST (≥10mm) | Township population | Cape Town | 67 | 5–22 years | 51 | 0 |
| L.H.; A.J. (02.03.2023) | Martinez (2017) [53] | Prospective cohort (Outpatient) | Population-based sampling | TST (≥10mm) | Township population | Paarl, Cape Town | 915 | Birth-5 years | 49 | <1 |
Abbreviations: TB = Tuberculosis; PLWH = People Living With HIV; NAAT = Nucleic Acid Amplification Test; NR = Not reported; LTBI = Latent Tuberculosis; TST = Tuberculin Skin Test; IGRA = Interferon-Gamma Release Assay.
*Among newly diagnosed TB cases and previously treated people with TB, respectively.
†Defined as individuals with a very low or low Household Wealth Index.
‡Among the overall population (individuals of all socio-economic statuses).
§Defined as individuals attending low-income state schools.