Table 3. Prevalence of active TB disease and LTBI in included studies.
| a. TB PREVALENCE | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author (Year) | HIV status | Sample size | TB cases (% Prevalence) | Diagnostic tool | Data collection unit | Included in meta-analysis? (Reason for exclusion) |
| Lawn (2011) [35] | Positive | 468 | 81 (17.3) | Bacterial culture | Individual | Yes (Not applicable) |
| Lawn (2017) [36] | Positive | 427 | 139 (32.6) | NAAT; Bacterial culture | Individual | Yes (Not applicable) |
| Lawn (2011) [37] | Positive | 542 | 94 (17.3) | Bacterial culture | Individual | Yes (Not applicable) |
| Dawson (2010) [38] | Positive | 235 | 58 (24.7) | Bacterial culture | Individual | Yes (Not applicable) |
| Kranzer (2012) [39] | Mixed† | 1 011 | 56 (5.5) | Bacterial culture | Individual | Yes (Not applicable) |
| Positive | 520 | 30 (5.8) | ||||
| Negative | 491 | 26 (5.3) | ||||
| Cox (2010) [40] | Mixed† | 1 575 | 535 (34) | Bacterial culture | Individual | Yes (Not applicable) |
| Positive | NR | 300 | ||||
| Negative | NR | 176 | ||||
| NR | NR | 59 | ||||
| Middelkoop (2010) [41] | Mixed† | 1 250 | 20 (1.6) | Sputum smear-microscopy; Bacterial culture | Individual | Yes (Not applicable) |
| Positive | 306 | 11 (3.6) | ||||
| Negative | 901 | 9 (1) | ||||
| NR | 43 | NR | ||||
| Van Rie (2018) [42] | Mixed† | 1 231 | NAAT*: 5 (0.4) Self-report: 57 (4.6) |
NAAT: Self-report | Individual | No (Use of self-report) |
| Yates (2018) [43] | Mixed† | 15 036 | 371 (2.5) | Bacterial culture | Individual | Yes (Not applicable) |
| Govender (2010) [44] | Mixed† | 370 | 14 (3.8) | Self-report | Household | No (Use of self-report) |
| Cramm (2011) [45] | NR | 977 | 316 (32.5) | Self-report | Household | No (Use of self-report) |
| Booi (2022) [46] | NR | 114 348 | 1 742 (1.5) | Self-report | Individual | No (Use of self-report) |
| b. LTBI PREVALENCE | ||||||
| Ncayiyana (2015) [47] | Mixed† | 446 | 153 (34.3) | TST | Individual | Yes (Not applicable) |
| Positive | 70 | 23 (32.9) | ||||
| Negative | 317 | 115 (36.3) | ||||
| NR | 59 | 15 (25.4) | ||||
| Wood (2010) [48] | Negative | 1 061 | 477 (45) | TST | Individual | Yes (Not applicable) |
| Middelkoop (2014) [49] | Negative | 1 100 | 480 (43.6) | TST | Individual | Yes (Not applicable) |
| Du Preez (2011) [50] | Negative | 196 | 97 (49.5) | TST | Individual | Yes (Not applicable) |
| Bunyasi (2019) [51] | NR | 5 929 | 3 236 (54.6) | IGRA | Individual | Yes (Not applicable) |
Abbreviations: TB = Tuberculosis; NAAT = Nucleic Acid Amplification Assay; NR = Not reported; LTBI = Latent Tuberculosis; TST = Tuberculin Skin Test; IGRA = Interferon-Gamma Release Assay.
*NAAT only performed in individuals with presumptive TB.
†Including both people living with HIV and people living without HIV (the overall study cohort) when study outcomes were not broken down by HIV status.
‡Sex-stratified outcome estimates are not provided due to the limited number of studies reporting Tb/LTBI prevalence separately for each sex.
Five studies reported on LTBI prevalence [47–51], ranging from 25.4% [47] to 54.6% [51]. Four studies sampled pediatric and adolescent populations [48–51], with LTBI prevalence ranging from 43.6% [49] to 54.6 [51]. The three studies among populations living without HIV [48–50] showed comparable LTBI prevalence estimates as the studies conducted among PLWH. One study reported LTBI prevalence by sex, finding a LTBI prevalence of 32.3% in women and 37.1% in men [47].