Table 1. Overview of pediatric orthodontic conditions.

TMDs: temporomandibular joint disorders; OSA: obstructive sleep apnea; BAMP: bone-anchored maxillary protraction; RME: rapid maxillary expansion; SME: slow maxillary expansion; NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; RPE: rapid palatal expansion

Condition	Etiology	Characteristics	Diagnosis methods	Treatment options
Class III malocclusion	Hereditary, environmental	Mesial relationship of the mandible/teeth to the maxilla/teeth	Clinical examination, cephalometric analysis	Functional appliances (FR III, Reverse Twin Block), chin cup therapy, protraction facemask, BAMP
Class II malocclusion	Dental, skeletal	Distal relationship of the mandible/teeth to the maxilla/teeth	Clinical examination, cephalometric analysis	Headgear, myofunctional appliances (activator, bionator, FR II, Twin Block), Carriere Motion 3D
Abnormal oral habits	Behavioral	Thumb sucking, tongue thrusting, mouth breathing, etc.	Clinical observation, parental interview	Behavioral modification, habit-breaking appliances, myofunctional therapy
Arch length discrepancies	Genetic, environmental	Insufficient or excessive arch length, crowding/spacing	Clinical examination, orthodontic measurements	Early diagnosis, interproximal reduction, space maintainers, lower lingual holding arch appliance
Anterior crossbite	Dental, skeletal	Maxillary incisors lingual to mandibular incisors	Clinical examination, cephalometric analysis	Removable appliances (inclined planes, Hawley's appliance), fixed appliances (2×4 or 2×6 appliance)
Posterior crossbite	Dental, skeletal	Abnormal buccolingual relationship of premolars/molars	Clinical examination, cephalometric analysis	Maxillary expansion (RME, SME), protraction headgear, FR III appliance
Open bite	Genetic, oral habits	Lack of vertical overlap between maxillary and mandibular teeth	Clinical examination, cephalometric analysis	Palatal cribs, bluegrass appliances, tongue cribs, functional appliances (open bite bionator)
Deep bite	Genetic, environmental	Excessive overlap of maxillary anterior teeth over mandibular anterior teeth	Clinical examination, cephalometric analysis	Extrusion of posterior teeth, intrusion of anterior teeth, appliances (acrylic or thermoplastic bite planes)
TMDs	Predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors	Orofacial pain, restriction of mouth opening, dental pain	Clinical examination, DC/TMD criteria, imaging	Conservative measures, NSAIDs, orthodontic interventions, occlusal stabilization appliances
OSA	Craniofacial deformities, oral habits	Difficulty breathing during sleep, snoring	Clinical examination, sleep studies, imaging	Maxillary expansion, mandibular advancement, protraction facemask, RPE