Table 2:
Concentration of metabolites between controls, EORAneg and PMR patients.
| Metabolite | Control N=18 |
PMR N=20 |
EORAneg N=28 |
P Adj. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3-Hydroxybutyrate | 15.61±7.60** | 24.27±21.86 | 36.40±28.26 | 0.006 |
| 3-Hydroxyisobutyrate | 8.92±4.53 | 10.37±3.04 | 9.41±3.03 | 0.38 |
| 3-Phenyllactate | 12.38±5.47 | 14.73±5.10 | 12.62±4.38 | 0.29 |
| Acetate | 23.63±5.52** | 25.53±6.35 | 31.48±8.67*** | <0.001 |
| Acetoacetate | 2.79±1.80 | 4.78±6.08 | 6.28±12.89 | 0.42 |
| Acetone | 1.37±1.09 | 3.03±5.60 | 1.63±2.44 | 0.30 |
| Adenine | 12.63±2.72 | 12.43±3.99 | 11.60±3.22 | 0.36 |
| Alanine | 130.05±31.56 | 118.65±32.44 | 134.09±36.30 | 0.27 |
| Arginine | 41.98±20.04 | 43.36±15.48 | 49.13±23.20 | 0.34 |
| Asparagine | 18.03±6.80 | 16.25±7.31 | 16.20±5.10 | 0.65 |
| Betaine | 9.11±6.04 | 10.90±7.70 | 10.68±6.08 | 0.70 |
| Butyrate | 9.49±2.68 | 8.79±2.78 | 8.26±2.23 | 0.19 |
| Choline | 12.19±2.91 | 10.71±2.58 | 10.93±2.15 | 0.09 |
| Citrate | 8.96±2.22 | 8.99±2.58 | 9.30±2.23 | 0.90 |
| Creatine | 12.21±3.84 | 11.35±3.85 | 11.81±4.48 | 0.81 |
| Creatine Phosphate | 9.00±2.68 | 11.77±6.75 | 9.85±3.34 | 0.12 |
| Creatinine | 6.54±3.84 | 6.27±3.83 | 6.23±2.74 | 0.93 |
| Dimethylamine | 2.18±1.31 | 1.70±.80 | 1.72±0.95 | 0.29 |
| Formate | 13.26±4.06 | 14.35±6.14 | 12.85±3.81 | 0.50 |
| Fumarate | 2.71±1.15 | 2.84±1.70 | 2.62±1.10 | 0.83 |
| Glucose | 1142.19±273.30** | 1321.01±357.16 | 1561.20±643.18 | 0.007 |
| Glutamate | 111.29±36.57 | 123.99±35.21 | 127.46±38.66 | 0.28 |
| Glutamine | 23.14±6.62 | 27.05±9.22 | 22.35±8.02 | 0.14 |
| Glycine | 74.28±22.06 | 54.29±22.56* | 61.40±14.69 | 0.008 |
| Glycolate | 7.61±3.47 | 7.63±4.70 | 7.81±4.14 | 0.96 |
| Hydroxyacetone | 3.92±1.86 | 3.28±2.23 | 3.73±1.76 | 0.51 |
| Isobutyrate | 4.46±2.25 | 4.83±4.37 | 4.75±2.93 | 0.94 |
| Isoleucine | 27.86±7.07 | 28.44±5.65 | 31.14±8.28 | 0.24 |
| Isovalerate | 10.31±2.60 | 9.65±2.97 | 10.02±3.87 | 0.79 |
| Lactate | 697.53±199.29** | 710.61±153.32 | 894.90±256.11*** | 0.002 |
| Leucine | 39.26±13.96 | 44.07±10.89 | 45.15±18.82 | 0.47 |
| Lysine | 38.53±10.28 | 39.89±10.09 | 41.64±16.29 | 0.75 |
| Malate | 19.93±5.61 | 20.71±8.85 | 16.67±6.06 | 0.12 |
| Methionine | 2.03±1.13 | 1.95±1.14 | 2.24±1.18 | 0.61 |
| Methylamine | 2.87±1.32 | 4.00±5.65 | 2.55±0.91 | 0.32 |
| Methylsuccinate | 5.94±2.61 | 4.89±2.09 | 4.88±2.42 | 0.30 |
| N,N-Dimethylglycine | 1.16±.67 | 1.27±.81 | 1.25±0.51 | 0.86 |
| N-Acetylaspartate | 4.86±1.56 | 4.11±3.37 | 4.02±1.79 | 0.54 |
| N-Phenylacetylglycine | 8.06±3.69 | 9.13±6.03 | 8.44±5.79 | 0.81 |
| O-Acetylcholine | 4.23±2.65 | 2.36±1.59* | 4.18±2.70*** | 0.03 |
| O-Phosphocholine | 18.06±6.00 | 19.16±6.29 | 20.81±5.95 | 0.31 |
| Ornithine | 24.90±9.84 | 27.60±9.15 | 27.10±7.03 | 0.58 |
| Pantothenate | 4.51±2.58** | 6.07±3.05 | 7.06±4.07 | 0.05 |
| Phenylalanine | 12.53±3.21 | 15.68±4.49* | 14.27±4.10 | 0.06 |
| Proline | 46.99±19.09 | 58.42±38.03 | 56.74±18.34 | 0.37 |
| Pyruvate | 6.84±3.69 | 4.80±2.07 | 6.04±3.33 | 0.13 |
| Sarcosine | 6.34±3.33 | 5.65±1.67 | 5.33±2.51 | 0.61 |
| Serine | 42.07±15.79 | 49.85±13.48 | 46.41±14.70 | 0.28 |
| SG3PC | 106.86±39.32 | 135.18±43.97 | 113.23±44.72 | 0.08 |
| Succinate | 4.07±1.15 | 4.09±1.01 | 3.68±0.71 | 0.20 |
| Taurine | 49.31±33.76 | 33.44±21.42 | 54.95±33.14 | 0.06 |
| Threonine | 34.29±10.66 | 27.73±8.48 | 29.61±7.45 | 0.06 |
| Trimethylamine | 0.73±.39 | 0.69±.46 | 0.64±0.31 | 0.65 |
| TMAO | 3.21±2.92 | 4.91±6.55 | 4.08±4.93 | 0.58 |
| Tryptophan | 16.92±4.78 | 16.25±6.83 | 17.65±5.38 | 0.71 |
| Tyrosine | 21.64±5.19 | 24.10±5.39 | 23.21±4.90 | 0.36 |
| Valine | 84.84±16.07 | 91.27±17.29 | 92.96±21.40 | 0.35 |
| t-Methylhistidine | 8.87±2.26 | 9.92±3.30 | 9.89±5.74 | 0.69 |
Variables expressed in mean ± standard deviation. ANOVA (adjusted by DM and sex, with Tukey HSD post-hoc analysis) was used to determine the significance of metabolites between groups. Concentration expressed in μM. Note. TMAO: Trimethylamine N-Oxide, SG3PC: Sn-Glycero-3-Phosphocholine. P adj: P adjusted.
*
P<0.05 control vs PMR
**
p<0.05 control vs EORAneg
***
p<0.05 PMR vs EORAneg