Table 1.

Summary of T-GAHT Animal Models Focusing On Reproductive Outcomes. CL: corpora lutea; E: estradiol; IP: intraperitoneal; IVF: in vitro fertilization; LH: luteinizing hormone; T: testosterone; SQ: subcutaneous

Experimental Design	T Duration	Outcomes
C57BL/6N adult mice, n=20, SQ injections of 0.225, 0.45 or 0.90 mg GnRHa 2x weekly (Kinnear et al., 2019)	6 weeks/No cessation	Lower CL counts and clitromegaly observed in T-treated mice Follicle distribution was not affected by T treatment
CF-1 adult mice, n=66, SQ injections of 400 μg GnRHa weekly (Bartels et al., 2020)	6 weeks/No cessation	Assessed IVF outcomes, ovaries were significantly smaller in testosterone-treated mice T-treated ovaries contained normal cohorts of follicles and were meiotically competent regardless of cessation
C57BL/6N adult mice, n=10, SQ implanted pellets of 5 mg T (Kinnear et al., 2021)	6 weeks/4 weeks	Found the same outcomes as Kinnear et al., (2019) Observed that 4-cycle washout reversed estrous acyclicity in T-treated mice
C57BL/6N adult mice, n=40, SQ injections of 0.9 mg T weekly (Kinnear et al., 2023)	6 weeks/4 weeks	Stromal changes with clusters of large round cells were observed in the T-treated group following a washout period
C57BL/6N adult mice, n=120, SQ silastic implant of 10 mg T (Schwartz et al., 2023)	6 weeks, 12 weeks/2 weeks	Assessed IVF outcomes, oocyte maturation, blastulation, and fertilization unaffected in T-treated mice Oocyte yield was decreased with T-treatment
C57BL/6N adolescent mice, n=80, GnRHa SQ implant, SQ injections of 0.45 mg T weekly (Dela Cruz et al., 2023)	6 weeks/No cessation	T-only and GnRHa+T-treated mice remained in diestrus throughout treatment, had sustained elevated levels of T, suppressed LH levels, and lower CL counts compared to controls
C57BL/6N adolescent mice, n=80, GnRHa SQ implant, SQ silastic implant of 10 mg T (Dela Cruz et al., 2023)	6 weeks/No cessation	Assessed IVF outcomes, T-cessation recovered fertility outcomes affected in actively T-treated mice
CF-1 adolescent mice, GnRHa IP injection every 4 weeks, SQ injections of 200 μg T weekly (Godiwala et al., 2023)	4–8 weeks/2 weeks	Assessed IVF outcomes, eggs from GnRHa and T treated mice are fertilizable and meiotically competent