Table 2.

Summary of Examined Health Outcomes in T-GAHT Animal Models. E: estradiol; F: female; GnRHa: gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist; IM: intramuscular; M: male; OVX: ovariectomy; SQ: subcutaneous; T: testosterone; XHT: hormone therapy

Experimental Design	Outcomes
C57BL/6 adult or adolescent F mice, n=31, SQ injections of 31 μg T and 6.4 μg E benzoate weekly for 6 or 10 weeks OVX/XHT (Goetz et al., 2017)	Pre-pubertal OVX/XHT causes trabecular bone loss Adding a low dose of E during T-GAHT prevents bone loss
ApoE−/− C57BL/6 adolescent F mice, n=24, SQ injections of 31 μg T and 6.4 μg E benzoate weekly for 6 or 10 weeks OVX/XHT (Goetz et al., 2018)	Addition of a low dose of E to OVX/XHT improves atherosclerosis lesions and outcomes
Adult F Wistar rats, n=20, SQ injections of 40 mg/kg T-propionate weekly for 29 days (Perez-Laso et al., 2018)	T-treated F rats exhibited decreases in cortical volume Prevention of changes in white matter associated with aging in T-treated F rats T-induced loss of metabolites that regulate osmosis
C57BL/6J adolescent M and F mice, n=35–40, SQ injections of 20 μg GnRHa - leuprolide daily for 6 weeks (Anacker et al., 2021)	GnRHa treatment increased despair-like behaviors Reduced reproductive organ weight in puberty suppressed F mice
Adult M and F Wistar rats, n=5–10/group, IM injections of T-cypionate 3.0 mg/kg every 10 days for 4 months (Lichtenecker et al., 2021)	T-treated rats experienced changes in renal morphology and increases in systolic pressure within normal range
Adult F Landrace pigs, n=5/group, IM injections of 50 mg T-cypionate every 6 days for 13 days (Kothmann et al., 2021)	T-treated F pigs experienced decreased insulin levels and impaired adipose tissue response to insulin
C57BL/6J adult F mice, n=3–9/group, IM injections of 24 or 48 mg/kg T-cypionate weekly for 8 or 24 weeks (Santos et al., 2022)	T-treated mice experienced impaired balance between T helper cells and immune cell vascular damage
C57BL/6J adult F mice, n=75, injections of 0.6 mg T-cypionate mono or bi-weekly for 3 weeks (Reiche et al., 2022)	Impaired wound healing and increased inflammation following OVX and exogenous T treatment in F mice
Adult M and F Sprague-Dawley rats, n=16, SQ injections of 0.45, 0.95 and 2.05 mg T enanthate 2x weekly for 2 weeks (Tassinari et al., 2022)	Induced desired M secondary sex characteristics in F rats without toxicity observed in SQ injections of higher doses
C57BL/6J adolescent F mice, n=12, SQ injections of 25 mg/kg GnRHa degarelix, silastic implants of 5 mg/kg T for 12 weeks (Dubois et al., 2023)	T therapy and GnRHa treatment improved bone health and mass distribution in an adolescent mouse model, which were found to be adversely affected by GnRHa only treatment
Adult F Yorkshire/Hampshire pigs, n=2, SQ silastic implants of 5–8 ng/ml T-testosterone enanthate for 30 days (Mahabir et al., 2024)	F pigs with SQ T implants experienced the desired consistent serum levels of T for 30 days