Figure 2.

Acetylcholine, Noradrenaline and Dopamine inputs to the entorhinal cortex-hippocampal circuit in humans and rodents. Schematic representation of known (solid lines) and unknown (dashed lines) modulatory inputs to the entorhinal cortex (EC) and hippocampus (HC) in humans (A–C) and rodents (C–F). (A–C) in humans, acetylcholine released from the medial septum (MS) and diagonal band of Broca (DBB) (A) and noradrenaline released from the Locus Ceruleus (LC) (B) modulate both the EC and HC areas. (C) Dopamine released from the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) modulates hippocampal processing, however, it is unknown whether it does so in the EC. In humans, it is unknown whether EC and HC receive dopaminergic modulation from the LC as is observed in rodents. (D–F) In rodents, the entorhinal cortex-hippocampal circuit is modulated by the cholinergic input from MS and DBB (D), noradrenergic input from LC (E), and dopaminergic inputs from the VTA and LC (F). Created with BioRender.