TABLE 7.
Effects of heat-killed cells, peptidoglycan, and other cellular components of probiotics against cancer.
| Year | Probiotic strain | Component | Cancer type | Study subject (cell lines/test animals) | Outcome | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | Bifidobacterium longum, Lactococcus lactis ssp.lactis | Peptidoglycan | Colon cancer, gastric cancer | DLD1, SNU-1 | Inhibition of cancer cell line proliferation | (Kim et al., 2002) |
| 2008 | Lactobacillus casei | Peptidoglycan | Colitis-associated cancer (Colon cancer) | Female BALB/c mice (8weeks old) | Downregulation of IL-6 gene expression | Matsumoto et al. (2009) |
| 2015 | Lactobacillus paracasei subp. Paracasei X12 | Peptidoglycan | Colon cancer | HT-29 | Regulates Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm, induction of apoptosis, upregulation of HMGB1 protein, and translocation of calreticulin which influences malignant transformation | Tian et al. (2015) |
| 2016 | Bacillus lentus | Membrane vesicles | Colon cancer | HCT-116 | Activation of caspase-9, caspase-3, upregulation of BAX gene, downregulation of Bcl-2 gene and promotes the release of Cyt c from mitochondria | Yang et al. (2016) |
| 2017 | Lactobacillus plantarum | Peptidoglycan | Skin cancer | C57BL/6 female mice | Decreases VEGF levels and cytotoxic towards cancer cells | Aintablian et al. (2017) |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 | Peptidoglycan | Colon cancer | HT-29 | Dose-dependent inhibition of HT-29 cell growth, induction of apoptosis | He et al. (2017) | |
| 2018 | Lactobacillus paracasei subp. Paracasei M5 | Peptidoglycan | Colon cancer | HT-29 | Cytotoxicity against cancer cells, downregulation of Bcl-xl gene, decreased Cyt c level in cytosol, induction of apoptosis by caspase-3 dependent pathway | Wang et al. (2018) |
| 2019 | Lactobacillus paracasei IBRC_M10784, Lactobacillus brevis IBRC_M1079 | Heat killed cells | Colon cancer | HT-29 | Induction of apoptosis, upregulation of BAX gene, caspase-3, caspase-9and downregulation of Bcl-2, release of Cyt c leading to activation of mitochondrial pathway | Karimi Ardestani et al. (2019) |
| 2022 | Lactobacillus brevis KU15176 | Heat killed cells | Gastric cancer | AGS | Increased the expression of BAX, caspase-3, and caspase-9, DNA breakage, and induction of apoptosis | Hwang et al. (2022) |
| 2022 | Lactobacillus casei MG4584, Lactobacillus reuteri MG5346 | Heat killed cells | Colon cancer | RKO BALB/c mice | Increased the expression of caspase-3, caspase-9, and caspase-7, activation of PARP, and activation of intrinsic apoptotic pathway | (Kim et al., 2022) |
| 2023 |
Limosilactobacillus
Fermentum LAC92 |
Peptidoglycan | Colon cancer | HCT-116 | Anti-proliferative effects and induction of apoptosis | Fuochi et al. (2023) |
| 2024 | Lentilactobacillus buchneri | Extracellular vesicles | Colon cancer, gastric cancer | HT-29, AGS | Cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 Phase, upregulation of BAX, caspase-3 and caspase-9 gene | Abedi et al. (2024) |
| Lacticaseibacillus paracasei PC-H1 | Extracellular vesicles | Colon cancer | HCT-116 BALB/c mice | Downregulation of HIF-1α, GLUT1, and LDHA gene expression, suppression of cell proliferation | Shi et al. (2024) | |
| Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum NBRC 15891 | Heat killed cells | Colon cancer | HT-29 | Suppression of IL-8 production in cell line | Yamasaki-Yashiki et al. (2024) |