Table 1.
Evidence from studies of changes in intestinal flora in patients with DKD and effects on bile acids.
| Phylum | Changes of genus level in DKD | Influence on BAS | Changes of BAs DKD | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Firmicutes | Lachnospiraceae↓ | The number of bai operators required for 7α- dehydroxylation is reduced | LCA↓ | (8, 21) |
| Lactococcus↓ | ||||
| Fusobacterium↓ | ||||
| Lactobacillus↓ | ||||
| Bacillus↑ | ||||
| Bacteroides | Bifidobacterium↓ | Decreased BSH activity | conjugated BAs(TCA/GCA/TCDCA/GCDCA)↑ Unconjugated BAs(CA/CDCA)↓ |
(9, 19) |
| Actinobacteria | Roseburia↓ | Decreased HSDH activity and the isomerization of bile acids 3α-, 7α- and 12α- was inhibited from α- to β- direction | UDCA↓ | (6, 19) |
| Verrucomicrobia | Akkermansia muciniphila↓ | (6) | ||
| Proteobacteria | Klebsiella↑ | Decreased 7α/β-dehydrogenase activity and inhibit dehydroxylation | DCA↑ | (12, 20) |
| Escherichia coli↑ | ASBT transporter function is inhibited | Obstruction of enterohepatic circulation caused by cholestasis | (10) |
↓: decreased; ↑: increased.