Table 1.

Siderophores and their non-classical functions.

Siderophore	Type	Non-classical Function(s)	Reference(s)
1Desferrioxamine	Hydroxamate	Pro-inflammatory	Autenrieth et al. (1991) Choi et al. (2004)
		Metallophore	Evers et al. (1989)
DHBS3	Catecholate	Oxidative Stress Response	Bogomolnaya et al. (2020)
Enterobactin	Catecholate	Cell Signalling	Anderson and Armstrong (2004) Brickman and Armstrong (2009)
		Pro-inflammatory	Nelson et al. (2007)
		Oxidative Stress Response	Adler et al. (2012, 2014) Achard et al. (2013) Peralta et al. (2016, 2022)
Pyochelin	Phenolate	Cell Signalling	Michel et al. (2005, 2007)
		Metallophore	Braud et al. (2009a, 2010)
		Oxidative Stress-Inducing	Coffman et al. (1990) Britigan et al. (1994, 1997) Adler et al. (2012) Ong et al. (2017)
		Toxic Metal Sequestering	Braud et al. (2010)
Pyoverdine	3Mixed type	Cell Signalling	Lamont et al. (2002) Dumas et al. (2013) Mridha and Kümmerli (2022)
		Metallophore	Braud et al. (2009b)
		Oxidative Stress Response	Jin et al. (2018)
		Toxic Metal Sequestering	Braud et al. (2010) Lear et al. (2022)
2Staphyloferrin	Carboxylate	Oxidative Stress Response	Nobre and Saraiva (2014) Oliveira et al. (2021)
Yersiniabactin	Phenolate	Cell Signalling	Katumba et al. (2022) Heffernan et al. (2024)
		Metallophore	Bobrov et al. (2014, 2017) Koh et al. (2017) Robinson et al. (2018) Price et al. (2021) Behnsen et al. (2021)
		Toxic Metal Response	Chaturvedi et al. (2012)
		Oxidative Stress Response	Paauw et al. (2009) Chaturvedi et al. (2014)

¹desferrioxamine B and E. ²Staphyloferrin A and B. ³Catecholate and hydroxamate. DHBS, 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoylserine.